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There is no consensus on the definition of EI (expanded indication). There are two major issues related with the definition of EI; (1) the terminology of differentiated/undifferentiated cancer, and (2) whether undifferentiated cancers can be included in the EI.
According to the WHO classification, gastric cancers are histologically classified as (1) papillary adenocarcinoma, (2) tubular adenocarcinoma (including well differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas), (3) signet ring cell carcinoma, and other rare subtypes.
In Japan, however, there is a tradition that all gastric cancers are divided into differentiated and undifferentiated gastric cancers (Sugano 1982). Literatures from Japan used this terminology (¡®differentiated¡¯ vs ¡®undifferentiated¡¯) to describe the indication of endoscopic resection for gastric cancer. This made a great confusion in Korea, where the term ¡®differentiated carcinoma¡¯ is not routinely used. Instead, Korean physicians considered that ¡®differentiated carcinoma¡¯ in Japan is similar to ¡®well-differentiated and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma¡¯ in Korea. However, there is no direct comparison between them. We don¡¯t know exactly whether ¡®differentiated carcinoma¡¯ in Japan is exactly the same with ¡®well-differentiated and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma¡¯in Korea. This problem makes the direct comparison of the data between the two countries difficult.
Most commonly used definition of EI is differentiated cancer with no lymphovascular involvement and (1) mucosal cancers without ulcerative findings, regardless of tumor size; (2) mucosal cancers with ulcerative findings ¡Â 30 mm; or (3) minute (< 500 micrometer from the muscularis mucosae) submucosal invasive cancers ¡Â30 mm. (Reference: Endoscopic and oncologic outcomes after endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer: 1370 cases of absolute and extended indications). In the original review by Soetikno et al,11 gastric cancers were divided into intestinal and diffuse. Only EGCs with intestinal type histology were included in the EI. EGCs with diffuse type histology were not considered as candidates for endoscopic mucosal resection. In some recent Japanese clinical studies, however, small undifferentiated type cancers were also considered as one of EI. ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24520251). It is also true for some reviews by Japanese authors (Gotoda GIE 2008;67;805-807).
In Korea, the situation is very confusing. Some Korean doctors think that poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or signet ring cell carcinoma cannot be considered as EI. Other Korean doctors think that undifferentiated cancers can be included in EI like Japan. Until now, most Korean endoscopy studies about EI do not included poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or signet ring cell carcinoma. ESD for poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma have been handled as a separate issue. Jee et al. from Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 20 reported that there were lymph node metastasis in 2.8% (5 patients) of surgically treated EGC within EI of ER. However, 4 out of 5 cases with lymph node positive EGC were poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or signet ring cell carcinoma. As you can see in this interesting report, some Korean doctors think poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or signet ring cell carcinoma may be included in the EI. In a recent clinical guideline on the treatment of gastric cancer in Korea, small undifferentiated mucosal cancer is considered as EI of ER. To prevent further confusion, it is urgent to make clear definition of EI in Korea.
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1. ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó ¼Òȱ⠺´¸®ÀÇ»çµéÀÌ undifferentiated carcinoma¶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý - Á¤È®È÷ WHO ±âÁØ¿¡ µû¸£°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
2014³â ÇöÀç±îÁö ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó À§¾Ïº´¸®Æǵ¶ÀÇ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǴ 2005³â ´ëÇѺ´¸®ÇÐȸ ¼Òȱ⺴¸®Çבּ¸È¸ÀÇ À§¾Ï º´¸®º¸°í¼ ±âÀç»çÇ× Ç¥ÁØÈ (PDF 0.3M)¿¡´Â (1) À§¾ÏÀÇ histologic typeÀº 2000³â WHO ºÐ·ù¸¦ µû¸§, (2) µÎ °¡Áö ÀÌ»óÀÇ ºÐȵµ°¡ ¼¯¿© ³ª¿Ã ¶§´Â °£ÁúÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¸éÀûÀÌ °¡Àå ¸¹Àº À¯ÇüÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùÇÔ, (3) ¼±±¸Á¶³ª ÆíÆò»óÇÇ ºÐÈ°¡ ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â undifferentiated carcinoma·Î ºÐ·ùÇÔÀ» ¸íÈ®È÷ ¹àÈ÷°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù (¾Æ·¡ ±×¸² ÂüÁ¶).
2. ÀϺ»À§¾ÏºÐ·ù (1998, 2nd English Edition)¿¡ ¾ð±ÞµÈ ³»¿ë
À¯¸íÇÑ ÀϺ»À§¾ÏºÐ·ù(1998)¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀϺ»¿¡¼ ¿Ü°úÀÇ»çµéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â À§¾ÏÀÇ Á¶Á÷ÇÐÀû ºÐ·ù´Â ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù. "The histological classification should be based on the prominant pattern of tumor"¶ó°í ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¼ "prominant"´Â ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó À§¾Ï º´¸®º¸°í¼ ±âÀç»çÇ× Ç¥ÁØÈ(2005)¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ "¾Ï¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¸éÀûÀÌ °¡Àå ¸¹Àº À¯Çü"°ú ºñ½ÁÇÑ Àǹ̷Π»ý°¢µË´Ï´Ù.
¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿¡¼ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ½ÃµµµÈ ´ÙÇÐÁ¦ À§¾ÏÁø·á±Ç°í¾È(Á¦°¡ °£»ç·Î Âü¿©ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù)¿¡¼´Â (1) ¼±±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ¸éÀûÀÌ 95% ÃÊ°úÇÏ¸é °íºÐÈÇü, (2) ¼±±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ¸éÀûÀÌ 50-95%¸é ÁߺÐÈÇü, (3) ¼±±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ¸éÀûÀÌ 49%ÀÌÇϸé ÀúºÐÈÇüÀ¸·Î ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Histological classification of gastric adenocarcinoma for epidemiological research: concordance between pathologists. Shibata et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001
Diagnosis of gastric epithelial neoplasia: Dilemma for Korean pathologists. Kim JM et al. World J Gastroenterol 2011 (PDF)Two pathologists, each blinded to the other's assessment, reviewed H&E-stained slides of gastric tumor... Concordance for tumor grade was 87%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.72 (95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.87).
Korean pathologists experience much difficulty making a diagnosis because we are influenced by Japanese pathologists as well as Western medicine. Japan is geographically close to Korea, and academic exchanges are active. Additionally, Korean doctors are familiar with Western style medical terminology. As a result, the terminology, definitions, and diagnostic criteria for gastric intraepithelial neoplasia are very heterogeneous in Korea.
5. Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç¿Í ¼ö¼ú ÈÄ º´¸®°á°úÀÇ ºÐȵµ Â÷ÀÌ
Differences between biopsy- or specimen-related Lauren and World Health Organization classification in gastric cancer. Flucke, et al. World J Surg 2002
Out of 48 tumors with preoperative diagnosis of an intestinal type, 10 tumors (20.8%) exhibited a diffuse growth pattern in the gastrectomy specimens; and 16% of the cases showed a disagreement of the pre- and postoperative histopathological type according to the WHO classification.
6. Immunohistochemistry´Â µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ´Â°¡?
Expression of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, CD44s and CD44v6 in gastric adenocarcinoma: relationship with lymph node metastasis. Joo et al. Anticancer Res 2003
Expressions of CD44s and CD44v6 play an important role in tumor progression; especially, CD44v6 expression may be a useful predictor of lymph node metastasis, while the expressions of E-cadherin and beta-catenin complex are more probably related to tumor morphology than to tumor progression.
7. Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç·Î ¼ö¼ú ÈÄ depth of invasionÀ̳ª P/D, SRC¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁöÇ¥´Â ¾ø´Â°¡?
Poorly differentiated component in gastric pinch biopsies predicts submucosal invasion. Lee SM. Diagn Pathol 2014
Poorly differentiated component and papillary architecture are significant histopathologic predictors of SM invasion in pretreatment gastric biopsies of lesions considered for endoscopic therapy.
This is my conceptual model of histological differentiation of early gastric cancer. There are two dominant types of histology. One is differentiated type, and the other is undifferentiated type. However, there are a lot of cases in the middle. We don¡¯t know exactly how many patients are included in this mixed area.
Usually, the histological grouping is made by the major area of histological differentiation. For example, if 70 percent of area shows undifferentiated histology, we call it undifferentiated type of early gastric cancer like the blue arrow. If 80 percent of area shows undifferentiated histology, we call it differentiated type of early gastric cancer like the red arrow. The concept of histological heterogeneity comes from this area. EGC cases mixed with undifferentiated component less than 50 percent of area can be called as histological heterogeneity. And we evaluated cases in this unique group of patients.
1) ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó, ÀϺ», WHOÀÇ À§¾Ï ºÐȵµ ÆÇÁ¤ ±âÁØÀº °³³ä»ó (definition¿¡¼) Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï±î?
2) ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó º´¸®ÀÇ»çµéÀÇ À§¾Ï ºÐȵµ ÆÇÁ¤ ±âÁØÀº °³³ä»ó ÅëÀϵǾî ÀÖ½À´Ï±î? ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¾î¶»½À´Ï±î?
3) ÀϺ» º´¸®ÀÇ»çµéÀÇ À§¾Ï ºÐȵµ ÆÇÁ¤ ±âÁØÀº °³³ä»ó ÅëÀϵǾî ÀÖ½À´Ï±î? ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¾î¶»½À´Ï±î?
4) ³»½Ã°æ Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§¾Ï ºÐȵµ ÆÇÁ¤ÀÇ interobserver variation°ú intraobserver variationÀº ¾î´À Á¤µµÀԴϱî?
5) ¼ö¼ú Á¶Á÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§¾Ï ºÐȵµ ÆÇÁ¤ÀÇ interobserver variation°ú intraobserver variationÀº ¾î´À Á¤µµÀԴϱî?
6) EMR/ESD Á¶Á÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§¾Ï ºÐȵµ ÆÇÁ¤ÀÇ interobserver variation°ú intraobserver variationÀº ¾î´À Á¤µµÀԴϱî?
7) À§¾Ï Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç ºÐȵµ¿Í ³»½Ã°æÄ¡·á ȤÀº ¼ö¼ú ÈÄ °Ëü¿¡¼ ºÐȵµ°¡ ´Þ¶óÁö´Â °æ¿ì´Â ¾î´À Á¤µµÀԴϱî? ƯÈ÷ W/D ȤÀº M/D¿¡¼ P/D ȤÀº signet ring cell carcinoma·Î ¹Ù²î´Â °æ¿ì´Â ¾î´À Á¤µµÀԴϱî? ±× ¹Ý´ë´Â ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÀԴϱî?
8) ¿ì¸®³ª¶óÀÇ ´ÙÇÐÁ¦ À§¾ÏÁø·á±Ç°í¾È¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞµÈ "Á¶Á÷ÇüÀÇ ºÐ·ù°¡ ¾î·Á¿î °æ¿ì ¸é¿ªÁ¶Á÷ÈÇп°»ö ¶Ç´Â Á¶Á÷ÈÇп°»öÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿© µµ¿òÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì"´Â ¾î´À Á¤µµÀԴϱî? Tubular adenocarcinoma¿¡¼µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì´Â ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÀÖ½À´Ï±î?
9) Histological heterogeneity¶õ ¾î¶² °³³äÀԴϱî? ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç¿Í Ä¡·á ÈÄ ÃÖÁ¾º´¸®°á°úÀÇ ºÐȵµ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀº ¾î¶°Çմϱî?