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[NOTES symposium 2018]

½Ã°£: 2018³â 8¿ù 11ÀÏ (Åä)

Àå¼Ò: CHA ÀÇ°ú´ëÇÐ Â÷¹ÙÀÌ¿ÀÄÄÇ÷º½º (ÁöÇÏ1Ãþ ´ë°­´ç)


1. POEM

Learning curve: Type I, II´Â ºñ±³Àû ½±Áö¸¸, type III³ª complicated achalasia´Â ¾Æ¹«¸® °æÇèÀÌ ¸¹´õ¶óµµ ½Ã¼úÀÌ ¾î·Á¿ï ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¾î·Á¿î Áõ·Ê´Â óÀ½ºÎÅÍ (intentionally) open POEMÀ» Çϱ⵵ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. (Á¶ÁÖ¿µ ¼±»ý´Ô)


2. Live demonstration of POEM

¸Å¿ì Èï¹Ì·Î¿î live demonstrationÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. POEMÀÌ »ý°¢¸¸Å­ ½¬¿î ½Ã¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» Àß º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÕº´ÁõÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é ±×¸¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ ÃâÇ÷À̶ó´Â ¹«¼­¿î ÇÕº´ÁõÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù. õ°øµµ ´Ã»ó ¹ß»ýÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

ȯÀÚ: EG junction outflow obstruction ȯÀÚ·Î Botox injection ÈÄ 6°³¿ù Á¤µµ °æ°ú°üÂûÇÏ¿´À¸³ª Áõ»óÀÌ Áö¼Ó,¾ÇÈ­µÇ¾î POEMÀ» ½Ã¼ú

Àå¼Ò: ¼ö¼úÀå

ÀÚ¼¼: supine position

Á¢±Ù: posterior approach (5½Ã ¹æÇâ). Supine position¿¡¼­ ½Ã¼úÀÌ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

Àý°³µµ: Dual knife. ½Äµµ submucosal tunneling Çϸ鼭 Dual knifeÀÇ needleÀ» ³»¹ÐÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ¿¡¼­ Spray CoagulationÀ¸·Î ½Ã¼ú.

³»½Ã°æ cap: 3-D printingÀ¸·Î prototypeÀ» ¸¸µé¾î »ç¿ëÇÏ´ø È£¸®º´ ¸ð¾çÀÇ capÀ» »ç¿ë. ÃÖ±Ù »óÇ°È­µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

PneumoperitoneumÀÌ ½ÉÇØ ventilator peek pressure°¡ ³ô¾ÆÁö¸é angiocath·Î °ø±â¸¦ »©±âµµ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "¹è ´ã´ç fellow°¡ ÀÖ´Ù"°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.^^ È«¼öÁø ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­´Â (1) CO2¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϹǷΠpneumoperitoneumÀÌ »ý±â´õ¶óµµ Angiocath·Î °ø±â¸¦ »« ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù,(2) room air¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ½Ã¼úÀ» ÇÏ¸é ¾ÈµÈ´Ù°í comment ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. °í¿øÁø ¼±»ý´ÔÀº CO2¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ acidosisÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í comment ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

MyotomyÀÇ ±æÀÌ: Cardia¿¡¼­ stomach ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î 2cmÁ¤µµ myotomy¸¦ Çϸé ÁÁ´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Â÷º´¿ø¿¡¼­´Â nasal endoscopy¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© POEM ÀýÁ¦ À§Ä¡¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϴµ¥, ´Ù¸¥ º´¿ø¿¡¼­´Â nasal endoscopy¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

Á¶ÁÖ¿µ ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­ vessel anatomy¸¦ ¾ð±ÞÇϼ̴µ¥, Á¦°¡ Á¤È®È÷ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐÀÎÁö¶ó °ú°ÅÀÇ ÀڷḦ ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ¿Å°Ü ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


[Microvasculature of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction] (World J Gastrointest Endosc 2016) - PDF

Mucosal vessels. A and C: Endoscopic images during per-oral endoscopic myotomy procedure (high magnification images); after unintentional removal of the epithelium (white layer), top half of epithelium was peeled off, and IPCLs were exposed. IPCLs appear as regularly-arranged, red dots (A: White light) or dark green spots (C: NBI); B: A schematic representation of the vascular network of esophageal mucosa: a: Branching vessels; b: SECN (Sub-epithelial capillary network); c: IPCL (Intrapapillary capillary loop)

A: Perforating vessels from the outer esophagus to the submucosal vessel; image captured during tunnelization in POEM (bottom side muscle layer, left side submucosal lifting); B: Submucosal drainage vessel (mucosal layer lifted on during ESD). These veins can become esophageal varices in portal hypertension; C: Submucosal vessels connecting the drainage veins to the mucosal branching vessels (in the lamina propria); D: Spindle veins immediately below the GEJ (in left side of the image, in blue, the submucosa and in the right side the muscle); E and F: branching vessels (seen from inside the submucosal tunnel). G: palisade vessels.

High magnifying narrow band imaging image of normal esophageal mucosa (luminal side). A: Soft pressure of the endoscope distal attachment (¡°hood¡±) onto the mucosal surface demonstrates SECN, hard pressure onto the mucosa compresses horizontal vessels, allowing clear observation of IPCLs; B: In the circle the SECN located at the top layer of lamina propria mucosae, just beneath the epithelium. The black arrows indicate the branching vessels into the lower lamina propria; white arrows indicate the IPCL located in the epithelial papilla, which is a projection of lamina propria mucosae into the epithelium.

The figure shows the histology of a non-pathologic esophageal specimen. The vessels¡¯ wall has been colored by CD34, showing superficially the IPCLs (upper part of the lamina propria, arising the epithelium) and the SECN; deeply in the lamina propria the branching vessels. In the sumucosal layer also the drainage veins are evident. The table summarizes the vascular system observed and its own esophageal layer according to the different endoscopic procedure performed.

In the center a scheme of the submucosal view at the gastro-esophageal junction during per-oral endoscopic myotomy. At the muscle side (left endoscopic image) the spindle vein are clearly visible; at the mucosal side (seen on its backside, right endoscopic image) the palisade vessel are recognized. High magnification images.


Submucosal fibrosis°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é POEMÀÌ ¾î·Á¿öÁö´Âµ¥, °í¿øÁø ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­´Â ½Ã¼ú Àü EUS¸¦ ÇÏ¿© submucosal fibrosis ºÎÀ§¸¦ ã¾Æº¸°í À̸¦ ÇÇÇÏ¿© ½Ã¼úÇÑ´Ù°í Çϼ̽À´Ï´Ù. È«¼öÁø ±³¼ö´Ô²²¼­´Â (1) EUS¸¦ º¸±â´Â Çϴµ¥ fibosis¸¦ Á¤È®È÷ ±¸ºÐÇϱⰡ ¾î·Á¿ü´Ù, (2) longstenting disease¿¡¼­´Â fibrosis°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù°í comment ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

Myotomy: Inner circular muscle¸¸ ÀÚ¸£´Â selective myotomy¸¦ ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±ÝÀÏ Áõ·Ê´Â ±ÙÀ°ÀÌ ¾ã¾Æ¼­ÀÎÁö full thickness myotomy°¡ µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. È«¼öÁø ±³¼ö´Ô²²¼­´Â (1) full thickness myotomy°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ circular myotomy¸¸À¸·Îµµ ÃæºÐÇÑ °Í °°´Ù, (2) EndoFLIPÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÀûÀýÇÑÁö Æò°¡ÇÑ ÈÄ ºÎÁ·Çϸé Á¶±Ý ´õ ½Ã¼úÇÑ´Ù°í comment ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.

EG jucntion level¿¡¼­´Â ½Äµµ¿¡¼­´Â perforating vesselÀÌ ±½¾îÁö°í À§¿¡¼­´Â left gastric arteryÀÇ branch ¶§¹®¿¡ ÃâÇ÷ À§ÇèÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Ç÷°üÀ» Àß °üÂûÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í, °¡±ÞÀû EndocuttingÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. CuttingÀÇ ¼Óµµµµ Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. (È«¼öÁø ±³¼ö´Ô, °í¿øÁø ±³¼ö´Ô comment) Á¶ÁÖ¿µ ±³¼ö´Ô²²¼­´Â delayed hematoma Áõ·Ê°¡ 1ºÐ ÀÖ¾ú°í, óÀ½¿¡´Â À½½ÄÀÌ Àß ¾È ³»·Á°¡´Â µí ÇßÀ¸³ª hematoma°¡ õõÈ÷ ÀúÀý·Î Èí¼öµÇ¸é¼­ Áõ¼¼´Â È£ÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

CardiaÀÇ mucosal tear°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é multibend endoscopy¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© gentleÇÏ°Ô clippingÀ» ÇØ ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Submucosal dissectionÀÌ µÈ »óÅÂÀÇ ¶°ÀÖ´Â Á¡¸·¿¡¼­ õ°øÀÌ µÈ °ÍÀ̹ǷΠÁ¶½É½º·´°Ô ½Ã¼úÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Á¡¸· ¼Õ»óÀÌ ´õ ½ÉÇØÁú ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. GENTLEÇÏ°Ô!!

Ç×»ýÁ¦ »ç¿ë: ½Ã¼ú Á÷Àü¿¡ 1ȸ prophylatic antibiotics »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ½Ã¼ú ÈÄ 2ÀÏ Á¤µµ IV·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ ÈÄ °æ±¸ Ç×»ýÁ¦·Î º¯°æÇÏ¿© ¸çÄ¥ ´õ »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


2. GERD

Fundoplication ÈÄ ³»½Ã°æ ¼Ò°ßÀº ¼ö¼úÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁý´Ï´Ù.

¹®Èñ¼® ±³¼ö´Ô°ú ÀÌÇõ ±³¼ö´Ô²²¼­ ¸ðµÎ GAP °³³äÀ» ¼Ò°³Çϼ̽À´Ï´Ù.

Gastroenterology Report 2015;41-53

µÎ ±³¼ö´Ô²²¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³»½Ã°æ Ä¡·á¹ýÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇØÁּ̽À´Ï´Ù. ¸î ÁÖ Àü »ï¼º¼­¿ïº´¿ø ÀÓ»ó°­»ç ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­ °ü·Ã ¸®ºä¸¦ ¸®ºäÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ¾î ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

PPT PDF 2.9M

Network meta-analysis Richter. Gastroenterology 2018

CONCLUSIONS: In a systematic review and network meta-analysis of trials of patients with GERD, we found LNF (laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication) to have the greatest ability to improve physiologic parameters of GERD, including increased LES pressure and decreased percent time pH <4. Although TIF (transoral incisionless fundoplication) produced the largest increase in health-related quality of life, this could be due to the shorter follow-up time of patients treated with TIF vs LNF or PPIs. TIF is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure, yet based on evaluation of benefits vs risks, we do not recommend it as a long-term alternative to PPI or LNF treatment of GERD.

¹®Èñ¼® ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº ÀλóÀûÀÎ slide¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

Who are not EART candidate?
Patients with refractory GERD who have:
large sliding hiatal hernia (> 2cm long)
Very low LES pressure (LEST < 5 mmHg)
No response or change of symptoms with PPI
Negative pH/impedance studies and no symptom correlation with acid events


[ARMS (anti-reflux mucosectomy)]

°³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ARMSÀÇ °æÇèÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼­ 2017³â POEM sympotisumÀÇ °í¿øÁø ±³¼ö´Ô ¸»¾¸À» ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù.

±æÀÌ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ½Äµµ´Â 1cm, À§ cardia´Â 2cm Á¤µµ resectionÀ» ÇØ ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. ½Äµµ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é stricture ¹ß»ýÀº ÁÙ°ÚÁö¸¸ È¿°úµµ ¶³¾îÁö±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ½Äµµ¸¦ Á¶±Ý Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
CircumferenceÀÇ 50% ÀÌÇÏ´Â È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø°í 80% ÀÌ»óÀº stricture°¡ ¹ß»ýÇϹǷΠ60-80% Á¤µµ ÀýÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ½À´Ï´Ù. Inoue ¼±»ý´ÔÀÇ °æ¿ì retroflectionÀ¸·Î °üÂûÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ 1cm Á¤µµ Á¤»ó Á¡¸·ÀÌ ³²µµ·Ï Á¶ÀýÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Hernia°¡ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì hernia¸¦ ´Ù Æ÷ÇÔÇؼ­ ½Ã¼úÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Stretta ½Ã¼úÀº hernia°¡ Àְųª erosive esophagitis°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ½Ã¼úÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Âµ¥, ±×·± ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â ARES°¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µË´Ï´Ù.
Stricture°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´õ¶óµµ healing °úÁ¤ Áß°£¿¡ balloon dilatationÀ» Çϸé stricture´Â ½±°Ô ÇØ°áµË´Ï´Ù.

ÀüÈÆÀç ȸÀå´Ô comment: ARMSÀÇ À¯¿ë¼ºÀ» ÇÐȸ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ Æò°¡ÇÒ ÀüÇâÀû ¿¬±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑÁö NOTES ¿¬±¸È¸¿¡¼­ ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô Åä·ÐÇØ º¼ °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


3. Endoscopic full-thickness resection (±èÂù±Ô)


[References]

1) ³»½Ã°æÇÐȸ ÇмúÇà»ç on-line Áß°è

2) NOTES ½ÉÆ÷Áö¾ö 2017

3) EndoTODAY achalasia and POEM

© ÀÏ¿ø³»½Ã°æ±³½Ç ¹Ù¸¥³»½Ã°æ¿¬±¸¼Ò ÀÌÁØÇà. EndoTODAY Endoscopy Learning Center. Lee Jun Haeng.