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[SMC Monday GI conference 2017-5-8. Management of NSAID-induced GI diseases. ÀÌÇõ]

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[ÀÌÁØÇà º¸Ãæ ¼³¸í]

NSAID toxicity ±âÀü Áß ÇϳªÀÎ topical tocixity´Â ion trapping hypothesis·Î ¼³¸êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀǹÌÀÔ´Ï´Ù (Matsui. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011). Ion trapping hypothesis¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¾Ë°í ½ÍÀ¸½Ã¸é ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²À» clickÇÏ¿© YouTube ¼³¸íÀ» º¸½Ã±â ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù.

NSAID´Â weak acidÀ̹ǷΠ»ê¼º ȯ°æ¿¡¼­ non-ionized formÀ̹ǷΠ¼¼Æ÷ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ½±°Ô diffusion µÇÁö¸¸ ÀÏ´Ü ¼¼Æ÷ ¾ÈÀÇ Áß¼º ȤÀº ¾à¾ËÄ®¸® ȯ°æ¿¡¼­´Â ionized formÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î±â ¶§¹®¿¡ back diffusionÀº ¾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù. °á±¹ ¼¼Æ÷ ¾È¿¡ ³óÃàµÈ´Ù´Â À̾߱âÀÌ°í ±× °á°ú local toxicity°¡ ÀϾ Á¶°ÇÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁý´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ³í¹®¿¡¼­´Â ³óÃàµÈ NSAIDÀÇ targetÀ» mitochondria·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

The pathophysiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced mucosal injuries in stomach and small intestine. Matsui. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011
The pathophysiology of PG independent NSAID-induced stomach injury
1) The ¡¯trapping¡¯ theory
The mechanism of NSAID-induced mucosal injury that is not dependent with systemic PG deficiency includes local injuries of these agents. Most NSAIDs are weak organic acids. In gastric juice, they are non-ionized and lipid soluble. These NSAIDs diffuse across gastric mucosal epithelial cell membranes into the cytoplasm, where pH is neutral. In neutral pH, NSAIDs are converted into the re-ionized and relatively lipophobic form. Therefore NSAIDs are trapped and accumulate within cells, leading to the cellular injury. The mechanisms that NSAID induced local injury to the mucosal cell remain to be elucidated, but in vitro studies including ours proposed mitochondria are the primary target of NSAIDs, which is discussed in later sections.
This ¡¯trapping¡¯ theory, however, may not be applied to small intestinal mucosa, where luminal pH is almost neutral. Considering the in vitro experimental results that NSAIDs are indeed absorbed into small intestinal cells in neural pH, we think the ¡°trapping¡± may not be essential for inducing small intestinal injuries, but may accelerate the extent of injury by increasing the absorption of NSAIDs.
2) Mitochondria, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis
A mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed organelle with 0.5 to 10 micrometers range. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria generate most of the cell¡¯s chemical energy supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition to energy metabolism, the regulation of cell death has recently considered as a second major function of mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiratory chain is the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are mainly generated at Complex I and III of the respiratory chain. More importantly, the mitochondrial respiratory chain is, at the same time, an important target for the damaging effects of ROS. ROS from mitochondria play an important role in the release of cytochrome c and other pro-apoptotic proteins, which can trigger caspase activation and apoptosis.
Mitochondria are considered as the target intracellular organelle of absorbed NSAIDs. NSAIDs inhibit, or uncouple, oxidative phosphorylation to dissipate the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP), leading to the liberation of cytochrome c from mitochondrial intermembranous space into cytosol and to the release of ROS such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thereby causing caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation and cellular lipid peroxidation, all resulting in cellular apoptosis. The uncoupling of mitochondria also decreased the intracellular ATP concentration, leakage of Ca2+ out of mitochondria, cellular osmotic imbalance and a loss of control over intracellular junctions, resulting in increased permeability and subsequent mucosal damages.

COX inhibition°ú mucosal injuryÀÇ correlationÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â ÀÚ·áÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Topical toxicity°¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â Áõ°ÅÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

NSAID¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ small bowel injuryÀÇ ±âÀüÀº ºÒ¸íÈ®ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿©ÇÏÆ° permeability°¡ Áß¿äÇÑ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.

GI toxicity°¡ ÀûÀº »õ·Î¿î °è¿­ÀÇ NSAID°¡ °³¹ßµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â À̾߱âÀε¥ ¾ÆÁ÷ »óÇ°È­µÈ °ÍÀº ¾ø¾î º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

Gut 2011¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ Taiwan ¿¬±¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Cox-2 selective agent·Î ¼ÒÀå¿¡´Â º°·Î µµ¿òµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â Ãæ°ÝÀûÀÎ °á·ÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

¼Ò±Ô¸ð ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ mucoprotective agent, probiotics°¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù´Â ÀڷḦ Á¦½ÃÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖÀ¸³ª ´ë±Ô¸ð Àӻ󿬱¸¿¡¼­ ÀÔÁõµÇÁö´Â ¸øÇß½À´Ï´Ù.

PPI¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ¿ÀÈ÷·Á small bowel injury°¡ ¸¹À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÃÖ±Ù ¿¬±¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀÎ small bowel bleedingÀ¸·Î ÀÔ¿øÇϽŠȯÀÚ°¡ ±×¶§¸¶´Ù À§³»½Ã°æ¿¡¼­´Â Å« ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é, ÀÌ È¯ÀÚ´Â PPI¸¦ ÇÇÇÏ°í mucoprotective agent¸¦ ¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ÁÁÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù.

[ÀÌÁØÇà º¸Ãæ ¼³¸í] ¿À´Ã ÀÌÇõ ±³¼ö´Ô °­ÀÇ Áß °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ½½¶óÀ̵å¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. NSAID »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¼ÒÀå ÃâÇ÷·Î ³»¿øÇϸé Åð¿ø½Ã ½À°üÀûÀ¸·Î PPI¸¦ ó¹æÇÏ´Â °ü·Ê°¡ ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. "¼ÒÀå ÃâÇ÷Àº ¸·À» ¼ö ¾ø´õ¶óµµ Àû¾îµµ À§½ÊÀÌÁöÀå ÃâÇ÷ ¿¹¹æ¿¡´Â µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ°ÚÁö..."¶ó´Â ¼øÁøÇÏ°í ¸·¿¬ÇÑ »ý°¢ ¶§¹®À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¼ÒÀå ÃâÇ÷ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ PPI¸¦ ¾²Áö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. Àû¾îµµ ¹Ýº¹ ¼ÒÀå ÃâÇ÷ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â.

Proton Pump Inhibitors Increase Incidence of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Small Bowel Injury: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Washio E. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Some studies have reported a high incidence of small bowel injuries in 60%-80% of subjects who take nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and PPIs simultaneously. We performed a randomized, double-blind, controlled study to determine whether proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) exacerbate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small bowel injury.
RESULTS: A significantly higher proportion of subjects in the COX-2 + PPI group developed small bowel injury (12 of 27 subjects; 44.4%) than in the COX-2 + placebo group (5 of 30 subjects; 16.7%; P = .04). Subjects in the COX-2 + PPI group had a significant increase in risk of small bowel injury compared with the COX-2 + placebo group (relative risk, 2.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-6.58). The number of erosions in each member of the COX-2 + PPI group was greater than in each member of the COX-2 + placebo group (P = .02). The number of ulcers did not differ between groups. Twenty-six percent of subjects in the COX-2 + PPI group developed mucosal injury in the jejunum, compared with none of the subjects in the COX-2 + placebo group (P = .003); no such trend was found in the ileum.
CONCLUSIONS: In a randomized, controlled trial, PPIs increased the risk of short-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small bowel injury.

¿ìÃø box¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϴ ȯÀڵ鿡¼­ small bowel injury°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¸é ±×·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¼ÕÇØ°¡ ¸·½ÉÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·± ȯÀڵ鿡¼­ PPI´Â Á» ´õ Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ¼±ÅõǾî¾ß ÇÒ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.

¼ÒÀå ÂÊ¿¡´Â PPI°¡ ¾Æ¿¹ ºüÁ³À½¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇսôÙ.


[2017-5-8. ÀÓ»ó°­»ç ¼±»ý´Ô Áú¹®]

´Ù¸¥ NSAID¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© aspirinÀº ¾î´À Á¤µµ À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇϽʴϱî?

[2017-5-8. ÀÌÇõ ±³¼ö´Ô ´äº¯]

°¡Àå À§Ç輺ÀÌ ³ôÀº ÂÊ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

[2017-5-8. ÀÌÁØÇà ÀÇ°ß]

¾Æ·¡ ÀڷḦ Âü°íÇϸé ÁÁ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ½ºÇǸ°Àº ¿ë·®À̳ª duration¿¡ µû¸¥ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ Å®´Ï´Ù. ¼Ò¿°È¿°ú¸¦ À§ÇÑ °í¿ë·® ¾Æ½ºÇǸ°Àº ´Ù¸¥ NSAID ¸øÁö ¾Ê°Ô ³ôÀº relative risk¸¦ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, antiplatelet È¿°ú¸¦ ³ë¸®°í 100mg À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì´Â relative risk°¡ 3-5 Á¤µµÀÏ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯´Ï±î ´Ù¸¥ NSAID¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© ¾ÆÁÖ ³ôÁö´Â ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÌÁö¿ä. ´ë°­ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¼öÁØ È¤Àº ¾à°£ ³·Àº ÂÊÀÏ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ 100 mg ¾Æ½ºÇǸ°À» µå½Ã´Â ºÐÀÌ ³Ê¹« ¸¹°í, ´Ùµé Àå±â°£ º¹¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¾Æ½ºÇǸ° °ü·Ã À§±Ë¾ç ȯÀÚ°¡ ¸¹Àº °Í »ÓÀÔ´Ï´Ù.


[2017-5-8. ÀÌÁØÇà Áú¹®]

ClopidogrelÀº NSAID´Â ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ ±× ÀÚü·Î aspirin°ú °ÅÀÇ ºñ½Á, ȤÀº ¾à°£ ³·Àº Á¤µµÀÇ ÃâÇ÷ À§ÇèÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ð´Ï´Ù. Clopidogrel ´Üµ¶ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡¼­µµ NSAID »ç¿ëÀÚ¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¿¹¹æÁ¶Ä¡°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑÁö¿ä?

[2017-5-8. ÀÌÇõ ±³¼ö´Ô ´äº¯]

Semi-selective agent Á¤µµ·Î º¸¸é µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ»±î »ý°¢µË´Ï´Ù.


[2017-5-8. ÀÌÁØÇà Áú¹®]

Ç︮ÄÚ¹ÚÅÍ ¾ç¼ºÀÌ°í ±Ë¾ç °ú°Å·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é Á¦±ÕÄ¡·á¸¦ Ç϶ó´Â ³»¿ëÀº ºñ´Ü NSAID »ç¿ë ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ ´ç¿¬ÇÏ°íµµ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÏÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. NSAID »ç¿ë ¿¹Á¤ ȯÀÚ°¡ ±âÁ¸ °Ë»ç¿¡¼­ Ä¡·áÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº Ç︮ÄÚ¹ÚÅÍ °¨¿°ÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇϽôÂÁö¿ä?

[2017-5-8. ÀÌÇõ ±³¼ö´Ô ´äº¯]

¹®Çå¿¡ µû¸£¸é NSAID¸¦ óÀ½ »ç¿ë ¿¹Á¤ÀÎ »ç¶÷¿¡¼­´Â Ä¡·á¸¦ ±ÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ Àå±â°£ NSAID¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´ø »ç¶÷¿¡¼­ ¿ì¿¬È÷ Ç︮ÄÚ¹ÚÅÍ°¡ ³ª¿À¸é Ä¡·á¸¦ ±ÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ìµµ ¸¹Àº °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.


[2017-5-8. ÀÌÁØÇà Áú¹®]

NSAID »ç¿ë ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¼ÒÀåÃâÇ÷ÀÌ ÀǽɵǴµ¥ À§³»½Ã°æ°ú ´ëÀå³»½Ã°æ¿¡¼­ Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¾îµð±îÁö °Ë»ç¸¦ ÇØ º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ±î¿ä? Capsule endoscopy, small bowel balloon enteroscopy µîÀ» ²À ½ÃÇàÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡¿ä? CT´Â ¾î¶»½À´Ï±î?

[2017-5-8. ÀÌÇõ ±³¼ö´Ô ´äº¯]

»óȲ¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£°Ô ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾àÀ» ²÷°í CT³ª capsule endoscopy¸¦ ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ÃâÇ÷ÀÌ ¸Ü´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸¹¾Æ¼­ small bowel balloon enteroscopy±îÁö ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °æ¿ì´Â ¸¹Áö ¾ÊÀº °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.


[2017-5-8. ÀÌÁØÇà Áú¹®]

¿¹¹æ Àü·« ½½¶óÀ̵忡 H2RA°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. H2RA¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϸé masking È¿°ú·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¿ÀÈ÷·Á NSAID-related complicationÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â À̾߱⸦ µéÀº ÀûÀÌ Àִµ¥, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¾î¶»°Ô »ý°¢ÇϽôÂÁö¿ä?

[2017-5-8. ÀÌÇõ ±³¼ö´Ô ´äº¯]

°¡´ÉÇϸé PPI¸¦ ¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ°Ú´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

[ÀÌÁØÇà Ãß°¡ comment]

"°¡´ÉÇϸé PPI¸¦ ¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ°Ú´Ù"´Â °ÍÀº ³Ê¹« ¹ÌÁö±ÙÇÑ ÀÔÀåÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. "À§»êºÐºñ¾ïÁ¦Á¦¸¦ ¾²·Á¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã PPI¸¦ ½á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù"°¡ Á¤´äÀÏ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. ¹°·Ð ½ÉÆò¿ø ±âÁØ¿¡ µû¸¥ »è°¨ ¿ì·Á´Â ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±ÔÁ¤Àº ¹Ù²ã¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô À߸øµÈ ó¹æÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Â ÀÏÀ̴ϱî¿ä. °ü·Ã ¿¬±¸´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. 1996³â¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ¾Æ·¡ ÀڷḦ ¾ÆÁ÷ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. H2RA ¾²´Â °ÍÀº ¾È ¾²´Ï¸¸ ¸øÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ´ç½ÃÀÇ °á·ÐÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. NSAID »ç¿ëȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ H2RA¸¦ ±ò¾ÆÁÖ´Â À߸øµÈ ÀÇ·á °üÇàÀº ´çÀå ÁߴܵǾî¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


[2017-5-8. ÀÓ»ó°­»ç Áú¹®]

Ç¥¿¡¼­ COX2 semi-selective agent·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¾àÀÌ À§Àå°ü ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ª¿Í¼­ ÀǾÆÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

[2017-5-8. ÀÌÁØÇà ´äº¯]

COX-2 semi-selective¶ó´Â ¸»Àº ÀÇ»çµéÀÌ ¾²´Â ¸»Àº ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. Marketing °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. (1) COX-2¿¡ ´ëÇÑ selectivity´Â »ó´ëÀûÀÎ °³³äÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î´À Á¤µµ COX È¿¼Ò¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦Çϴ°¡´Â ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ À̾߱âÀÔ´Ï´Ù. (2) COX-2 selectivity¿Í À§Àå°ü ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÇ °ü·Ã¼ºÀº linear ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. COX-2 selectivity¸¦ º¼ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÇÁ¦ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ÃâÇ÷ µîÀÇ À§Ç輺À» º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿Ç½À´Ï´Ù. (3) COX-2 selectivity °³³äÀº indirect effect¿¡¼­¸¸ Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖÁö direct effect¿¡¼­´Â º°´Ù¸¥ Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¿äÄÁµ¥ ȸ»çÃø¿¡¼­ semi-selectiveÇϹǷΠnon-selectiveÇÑ ¾àº¸´Ù ¾ÈÀüÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ´µ¾Ó½º·Î À̾߱âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾ø´Â ÀÏÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

* Âü°í: EndoTODAY NSAID °ü·Ã À§Àå°ü ÇÕº´Áõ

© ÀÏ¿ø³»½Ã°æ±³½Ç ¹Ù¸¥³»½Ã°æ¿¬±¸¼Ò ÀÌÁØÇà. EndoTODAY Endoscopy Learning Center. Lee Jun Haeng.