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EndoTODAY ³»½Ã°æ ±³½Ç


[Methemoglobinemia]

1. ¹®Çå¿¡ º¸°íµÈ Áõ·Ê - Methemoglobinemia after esophageal dilatation (EndoTODAY 20130902)

³»½Ã°æ °Ë»ç³ª Ä¡·á¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© lidocaineÀ» sprayÇÑ ÈÄ È¯ÀÚ°¡ »ç¸ÁÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾àÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ methemoglibinemia°¡ ±× ¿øÀÎ Áß ÇϳªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÇÑ ³í¹®¿¡ ½Ç¸° ÁßÁõ methemoglobinemia Áõ·Ê¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¸»·Î¸¸ µè´ø ¹«¼­¿î »óȲÀÌ ¸Å¿ì »ó¼¼È÷ ¹¦»çµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ²À Àо½Ã±â ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù.

¹®Çå¿¡ ³ª¿Â caseÀÇ »óȲÀ» ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù. LidocaineÀ» »Ñ¸®°í º°´Ù¸¥ ¹®Á¦¾øÀÌ esophageal dilatationÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ °©ÀÚ±â ȯÀÚ°¡ cyanosis¿¡ ºüÁø ²ûÁ÷ÇÑ »óȲÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Pulse oxymeter ¼öÄ¡´Â ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ³ª»ÚÁö ¾ÊÀºµ¥ ȯÀڴ ȣÈí°ï¶õÀ» ´À²¼°í À̳» cyanosis¿¡ ºüÁ³°í »ê¼Ò¸¦ Á־ È£ÀüµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸´Ï.... ÀÇ·áÁøÀÌ ´çȲÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» µµ¸®°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. È®½ÇÇÑ intensive supportive care¸¸ÀÌ È¯ÀÚ¸¦ »ì¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼ø°£ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

She was premedicated with a single oropharyngeal spray of 20% benzocaine (Hurricaine Spray), as well as topical oropharyngeal lidocaine spray (4 metered doses of 10 mg/dose) and intravenous diazepam (15 mg). The procedure, an esophageal dilatation, was uneventful. The patient was taken to the recovery room at 1135, 45 minutes after the premedication drugs were given.

Within 5 minutes, she became agitated and hypoxic, with an oxygen saturation of 89% by pulse oximeter. Oxygen and nebulized salbutamol were administered, but her condition deteriorated, and profound cyanosis developed despite administration of high-flow oxygen. She then began to experience chest pain and was given nitroglycerin, 0.6 mg sublingual, followed by morphine 1 mg intravenously (IV). An electrocardiogram (ECG) showed nonspecific ST changes, and the chest x-ray was unremarkable. At this point she was transferred urgently to the ED with a presumptive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism or myocardial infarction....

Arterial blood gas analysis revealed a pH of 7.40, PO2 of 342 mm Hg, PCO2 of 37 mm Hg and oxygen saturation of 47% by co-oximeter. Because of the unexpectedly high PO2 in the face of profound cyanosis, and the discordance between the pulse oximeter and co-oximeter saturation values, carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin levels were immediately performed, revealing values of 0% and 51% respectively. Ten minutes after the patient's arrival, methylene blue was ordered - stat - and following a 20-minute delay to acquire the drug from the pharmacy, 140 mg (2 mg/kg) was administered IV over 5 minutes.

Áø´ÜÀÇ clue´Â "unexpectedly high PO2 in the face of profound cyanosis" ºÎºÐÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Pulse oxymeter ¼öÄ¡´Â ¾ÆÁÖ ³ª»ÚÁö ¾ÊÀºµ¥ ȯÀÚ°¡ È£Èí°ï¶õÀ» È£¼ÒÇϸ鼭 cyanosis¿¡ ºüÁö°í »ê¼Ò¸¦ Á־ È£ÀüµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ABGA·Î ÃøÁ¤°ªÀÌ pulse oxymeter¿Í Å« Â÷À̸¦ º¸À̸é methemoglobinemia¸¦ ÀǽÉÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ºñ·Ï ÀÌ·± ¾ÈŸ±î¿î »óȲÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´ÙÁö¸¸, early detection°ú intensive care¸¸ÀÌ È¯ÀÚ¸¦ »ì¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¹°·Ð methylene blue Áֻ簡 methemoglobinemia·ÎºÎÅÍ È¸º¹À» ´ÜÃà½ÃÅ°±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸.... ´Ê°Ô ¹ß°ßÇÏ¸é ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ³¡ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

Antidote·Î ȯÀÚ¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿¹¿¡¼­ »ç°í´Â antidote¸¦ Åõ¿©Çϱâ Àü¿¡ ÀϾ´Ï´Ù. Propofolµµ ºñ½ÁÇÕ´Ï´Ù. PropofolÀº antidote°¡ ¾ø¾î¼­ À§ÇèÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. ±×³É À§ÇèÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Therapeutic range°¡ ¿ö³« Á¼¾Æ¼­ À§ÇèÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Antidote°¡ ÀÖ°Ç ¾ø°Ç »ó°ü¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. Antidote¸¦ »ý°¢Çϱ⵵ Àü¿¡ »ç°í°¡ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀÌ propofolÀÔ´Ï´Ù. "¾î! ¾î---" ÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£¿¡ ȯÀÚ°¡ È® ³ªºüÁý´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯´Ï ¸¶³É Á¶½ÉÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù.


2. Risk of lidocaine spray (EndoTODAY 20130903)

³»½Ã°æ ½ÄµµÈ®Àå¼úÀ» À§ÇÑ lidocaine spray ÈÄ ÁßÁõ methemoglobinemia Áõ·Ê¸¦ ¼Ò°³ÇØ µå·È½À´Ï´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ ¹®ÀåÀÌ ÀúÀÇ °¡½¿À» ¾ÆÇÁ°Ô ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÇ»çµéÀÌ lidocaine sprayÀÇ À§Ç輺À» ¸ô¶ó¼­ ȯÀÚ¸¦ À§Çè¿¡ ºüÁö°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â À̾߱⿴±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

It is not generally appreciated that therapeutic doses of most local anesthetics (given topically or intravenously) can produce this condition.

³Ê¹« Áß¿äÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¾îÁ¦ ¼Ò°³ÇÑ ÀÚ·áÀÇ discussion ºÎºÐÀ» ÀϺΠ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù. ²À ±×¸®°í õõÈ÷ Àо½Ã±â ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù.


ÀÏ´Ü pulse oxymeter´Â methemoglobinemia¿¡¼­´Â ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â ºÎºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

The definitive diagnostic test for methemoglobinemia is multiple-wavelength co-oximetry. Co-oximeters measure the light absorption of blood at numerous ultraviolet wavelengths. As a result, these machines are able to determine the percentages of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin. A multiple-wavelength co-oximeter is different from a pulse oximeter, which measures ultraviolet absorption at only two wavelengths (940 and 660 nm) to differentiate oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. Pulse oximeters are designed for continuous noninvasive monitoring, whereas co-oximeters require a blood sample and are typically available only at tertiary care centres.

A standard blood gas machine will not detect methemoglobin. Such machines measure oxygen tension (PO2 ) and pH, then calculate oxygen saturation from these values. This approach assumes the absence of abnormal hemoglobin. To complicate matters, pulse oximeters are unreliable in the presence of methemoglobin, because methemoglobin is detected by both the oxyhemoglobin (940 nm) and deoxyhemoglobin (660 nm) sensors of the oximeters. At low levels (<20%), methemoglobin is detected primarily by the deoxyhemoglobin sensor, and a pulse oximeter may show a falsely low oxygen saturation. At high methemoglobin levels (>70%), detection by the oxyhemoglobin sensor predominates, and a pulse oximeter may show a falsely high reading.


ȯÀÚ°¡ °¡½¿ÀÌ ´ä´äÇÏ°í cyanosis°¡ ¿Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ pulse oxymeter·Î ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ »ê¼ÒÆ÷È­µµ°¡ ÀÌ»óÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¹Ù·Î methemoglobinemia¸¦ ÀǽÉÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

Clinical findings include cyanosis that is unresponsive to oxygen and cyanosis in the presence of normal (calculated) oxygen saturation. Although pulse oximeter readings are inaccurate in this circumstance, oximeter saturation values that deviate substantially from the clinical picture may suggest the diagnosis. In addition, if the difference between the calculated oxygen saturation from a standard blood gas machine and the reading from a pulse oximeter is greater than 5%, it is likely that the patient has an abnormal hemoglobin (either carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin or sulfhemoglobin; cyanohemoglobin does not result in this finding). Some authors refer to this as a "saturation gap," whereas others use this term for the difference between the calculated oxygen saturation from a standard blood gas machine and the measured value from a co-oximeter.


Ä¡·á´Â methylene blueÀÌÁö¸¸ À̺¸´Ù ¾Õ¼­ close monitoring°ú ÀÀ±ÞÁ¶Ä¡°¡ 100¹è ´õ Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ȯÀÚ¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ°í methemoglobinemia¸¦ ÀǽÉÇÏ°í Áø´ÜÇÏ°í methylene blue¸¦ Åõ¿©Çϱâ Àü±îÁö ȯÀÚÀÇ vitalÀ» Àß À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ³»½Ã°æ Àüóġ, ½Ã¼ú, ½Ã¼ú ÈÄ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ close monitoringÀÌ ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù Áß¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

Symptomatic patients with methemoglobinemia, particularly those with levels over 20%, should receive methylene blue, which acts as a cofactor for the enzyme NADPH methemoglobin reductase. Electrons are transferred from NADPH to methylene blue, which leads to a reduction of the heme iron, in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.... To reduce delays in administration, our ED has added to ward stock sufficient methylene blue for an initial 2 mg/kg dose.


3. 2015-4-21 ¾Öµ¶ÀÚ ÆíÁö

¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­ EndoToday ¾ð±ÞÇϽŠ'¸ÞÆ®Çì¸ð±Û·ÎºóÇ÷Áõ'¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Á» ´õ ã¾Æº¸°í Áغñ¸¦ ÇÏ·Á°í Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ³»½Ã°æ½Ç Á÷¿øµé°ú µ¿·á ÀÇ»çµé¿¡°Ôµµ °ü·Ã ÀÚ·áµéÀ» º¸³»°í, ¾àÁ¦°úÀå´Ô²²´Â Çص¶Á¦ÀÎ '¸ÞÆ¿·» ºí·ç'¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¹®ÀÇÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, °á·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î Çص¶Á¦ÀÎ '¸ÞÆ¿·» ºí·ç'´Â ±¹³»¿¡ ½ÃÆÇÁßÀÌÁö ¾Ê´ä´Ï´Ù. Ȥ½Ã, ¼±»ý´Ô º´¿ø¿¡¼­´Â Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÎÁö¿ä?

¿ì¸®¸»·Î Àß Á¤¸®µÈ ¸ÞÆ®Çì¸ð±Û·ÎºóÇ÷Áõ ÀڷḦ ÷ºÎÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®¸»·Î ½±°Ô ¾º¿© ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °Ç°­ÇϽʽÿä. ¾Öµ¶ÀÚ ¿Ã¸².


[2015-4-28. ÀÌÁØÇà ´äº¯]

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[Âü°í¹®Çå]

1) °ü·Ã ¸®ºä: Methemoglobinemia: Etiology, Pharmacology, and Clinical Management

2) ºñ½ÁÇÑ Áõ·Ê: Methemoglobinemia in bronchoscopy

3) ¿ì¸®¸» ÀÚ·á: ¸ÞÆ®Çì¸ð±Û·ÎºóÇ÷Áõ ÀÚ·á

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