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[Dr. Sinn's LiverTODAY 028 - LLV (low level viremia)]

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À̹ø ÁÖ¿¡´Â Hepatology¿¡ ½Ç¸° Low-level viremia in hepatitis b patients on antiviral treatment: Can we ignore it?À» ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. »ï¼º¼­¿ïº´¿øÀÇ ÀÚ·á(Kim JH, Sinn DH, et al. Hepatology 2017)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ editorialÀε¥, ¿äÁ¡À» ¼Ò°³ÇÑ ÈÄ ÀúÀÚ Á÷°­(?)À¸·Î ¸î °¡Áö¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù.

With the goal of antiviral treatment being to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), the first-line antiviral agents recommended for treating CHB patients by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) include pegylated interferon, entecavir, and tenofovir.[2] With their easy tolerability and efficacy in suppressing viral replication associated with high genetic barrier to resistance, many patients with HBV worldwide were treated with either oral agent, often achieving reversal of cirrhosis and reduced incidence of HCC.[3, 4]

One question posed in the recently updated AASLD guidelines for management of CHB was whether there would be a role for adding a second antiviral agent with persistent low-level viremia (LLV; <2000 IU/mL) while on entecavir or tenofovir. The guidelines suggest that such CHB patients with LLV continue monotherapy.[2] This approach was demonstrated in a European cohort study in which long-term entecavir monotherapy led to a virologic response in the vast majority of treatment-naive patients, including those with a partial virologic response after 48 weeks of treatment.[5] In this issue of Hepatology, a large retrospective study by Kim and Sinn et al. indicates that among patients on antiviral therapy, LLV, defined as persistent or intermittent episodes of HBV DNA greater than the lower detection limit of 12 IU/mL but <2000 IU/mL, was associated with a higher risk of developing HCC when compared with those who maintained virologic response (MVR) with persistently undetectable HBV DNA levels.[6] Previously treatment-naive 875 patients were treated with entecavir for at least 1 year. During a median follow-up of 4.5 years, 85 patients (9.7%) developed HCC. Overall, the development of HCC was more frequent in patients with LLV than MVR (14.3% versus 7.5% at 5 years, P = 0.016). On multivariate analysis, LLV was an independent risk factor associated with HCC development (HR = 1.98, P = 0.002). However, although patients who have cirrhosis with LLV had a higher risk of developing HCC than those with cirrhosis and MVR, among patients without cirrhosis there was no statistically significant difference in the risk of HCC occurrence between patients with LLV and those with MVR, possibly due to a lower risk of HCC in that population than in patients with cirrhosis. Achieving MVR even in noncirrhotic patients may still be important, but we would need a study with a much larger sample size and/or a longer follow-up to show such impact, including stratified analysis by age and sex that may be helpful in accounting for the effect of those strong covariates. Thus, at least for CHB patients with cirrhosis, presence of LLV while on entecavir or tenofovir may not be ignored with a higher risk of developing HCC than those with MVR.

Whether or when a compliant CHB patient with LLV on treatment with entecavir or tenofovir should add another agent is not clear.[2, 7] Entecavir or tenofovir fails to achieve HBV DNA undetectability after 48 weeks in 10% and 30% in HBeAg-negative and HBeAg-positive patients, respectively.[2] In light of the Kim and Sinn et al. study, we should consider a potential alternative strategy, at least in patients with cirrhosis. There is no prospective, well-designed study in answering what is the best strategy among the three options in compliant patients with LLV on entecavir or tenofovir - whether to continue the initial agent, switch to the other agent or add the second agent.

With cirrhosis as the major risk factor of HCC development, and in light of the Kim and Sinn et al. study's findings, we may no longer be able to ignore the significance of LLV in patients with compensated cirrhosis who are already on antiviral therapy. However, in considering how to convert those being treated from LLV to MVR camp, without well-designed comparative studies available we would have to make a decision based on indirect evidence, incorporating data from observational studies, individual patient preference, and available resources.[7]

ÇÑ±Û ¿ä¾àÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

1. BÇü°£¿° ¾à º¹¿ë ÈÄ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ À½ÀüµÈ ÈÄ ¹Ì°ËÃâ »óÅ·ΠÁö¼Ó À¯ÁöµÇ´Â »ç¶÷(maintained virological response, MVR)´Â ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ °£ÇæÀûÀ¸·Î ³·Àº ³óµµ·Î °ËÃâµÇ°Å³ª, À½ÀüµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ³·Àº ³óµµ·Î Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î °ËÃâµÇ´Â »ç¶÷µé(intermittent or persistent low level viremia)¿¡ ºñÇØ °£¾Ï ¹ß»ý À§ÇèÀÌ ³ô¾Ò°í, ƯÈ÷ °£°æº¯ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â °£¾ÏÀÇ ¹ß»ý À§ÇèÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¸Å¿ì ³ô¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.

Hepatology 2017

Hepatology 2017

2. ÇÙ½ÉÀº BÇü°£¿° ȯÀڵ鿡¼­´Â ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ ¹Ì°ËÃâ »óÅ·ΠÁö¼Ó À¯ÁöµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °£ÇæÀûÀ¸·Î¶óµµ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ °ËÃâµÇ´Â °ÍÀº °£°æº¯ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â °£¾Ï ¹ß»ýÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ³ô¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÀÇ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ÇÑ°è´Â, ÈÄÇâÀû ¿¬±¸¿©¼­, low-level viremia (LLV)°¡ intermittentÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾àÀ» Àß ¸Ô°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼­¿´´ÂÁö°¡ Á¦´ë·Î Æò°¡µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¾àÀ» º¹¿ë ÁßÀΠȯÀÚ, ƯÈ÷ °£°æº¯ ȯÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â Á¤±âÀû ¾à º¹¿ëÀÇ Á߿伺À» ²À °­Á¶ÇÏ°í, ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ ¹Ì°ËÃâ·Î Àß À¯ÁöµÇ´ÂÁö È®ÀÎÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

→ ¹«Áõ»óÀÏ ¶§ ¾àÀ» Àß ¸Ô´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏ °°½À´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â ¿äÁò¿¡´Â º¹¾à µµ¿ì¹Ì ¾ÛÀ» (»ï¼º¼­¿ïº´¿ø¿¡¼­µµ ÀÚü °³¹ß appÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù) Àû±Ø È°¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

3. ¸¸¾à ¾àÀ» Àß ¸Ô°í Àִµ¥µµ low-level viremia°¡ Áö¼ÓµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¶ó¸é, °£°æº¯ÀÌ µ¿¹ÝµÈ °æ¿ì¶ó¸é, ¹º°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ´ëÃ¥À» °í¹ÎÇØ¾ß ÇÏÁö ¾Ê³ª »ý°¢ÀÌ µé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Compliance issue°¡ ¾øÀÌ, entecavir Ä¡·á Áß low-level viremia (partial virological response)¸¦ º¸À̴ ȯÀÚµéÀÇ Ä¡·á Àü·«¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â °í´ë¾È»êº´¿ø ÀÓÇüÁØ ±³¼ö´Ô²²¼­ ÀüÇâÀû ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÏ°í Àִµ¥, °á°ú°¡ ³ª¿À¸é Ãß°¡·Î ¼Ò°³ÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù.

4. ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾ø´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ ½ÉÆò¿ø º¸Çè±Þ¿© Á¤Ã¥ÇÏ¿¡¼­ Áø·áÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀúÀÇ ÇöÀç practice´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. (evidence ¾øÀÌ ¸»¾¸µå¸®´Â °ÍÀ̶ó ¸Å¿ì Á¶½É½º·´½À´Ï´Ù¸¸, °³ÀÎ °ßÇضó°í ÀÌÇØÇØ ÁÖ½Ã¸é °¨»çÇÏ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù)

- Low level viremia ¶§ ¾àÁ¦ ÀüȯÀº entecavir, tenofovir º¹¿ë ½Ã¿¡´Â 1³â ÀÌÈÄ º¸Çè ±Þ¿© ÇÏ¿¡¼­ ¾àÁ¦ º¯°æÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ¼Ò°³ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Âµ¥, À̹ø ÀڷḦ ºÐ¼®Çϸ鼭 »ìÆ캸´Ï 2³â Á¤µµ´Â complete virologic response°¡ ¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ±â´Ù·Á º¸´Â °Ô ÁÁÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ª¿Ô½À´Ï´Ù (º»¹® Table Ç¥¿¡ CVR ÀÎÀÚ ºÐ¼®¿¡ ³»¿ëÀ» ´ã¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù). ÀÌÈÄ high potent drug »ç¿ë ÁßÀÎ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â complete virologic response ¿À´Â °ÍÀ» 2³â Á¤µµ ±â´Ù·Á º¸°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

Hepatology 2017

- 2³â°£ »ç¿ëÁßÀΠȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ °ËÃâµÇ¸é, ¶Ç´Â ¹Ì°ËÃâ ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¡ °ËÃâµÇ°í compliance issue°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ¾àÁ¦°£ ±³Ã¼ Åõ¾àÀ» ÇÏ°í(entecavir → tenofovir; tenofovir → entecavir) °æ°ú¸¦ »ìÆ캸°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ½ÉÆò¿ø ±Þ¿© ±âÁØÇÏ ±Þ¿©º¯°æÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

- ´ÜÀϾàÁ¦ ±³Ã¼ Åõ¿© ÈÄ¿¡µµ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º ¹Ì°ËÃâÀÌ À¯ÁöµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, non-cirrhosis´Â º¯°æµÈ ¾àÁ¦¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Cirrhotic ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ°¡Áö ¾àÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù (À̶§ ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ°¡Áö ¾àÁ¦¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±Þ¿©ÀÎÁ¤ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Æ, Ãß°¡ÇÏ´Â ¾àÁ¦´Â 100/100, ¾ö¹ÐÇÏ°Ô´Â ºñ±Þ¿© ó¹æÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù).


[References]

1) EsoTODAY - Esophageal diseases

2) SmallTODAY - Small bowel diseases

3) ColonTODAY - Colorectal diseases

4) Dr. Sinn's LiverTODAY - Liver diseases

© ¼º±Õ°ü´ëÇб³ ÀÇ°ú´ëÇÐ »ï¼º¼­¿ïº´¿ø ¼ÒÈ­±â³»°ú ½Åµ¿Çö (2017-7-21)