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[Endoscopic treatment - Stretta, TIF, MUSE and others] - ðû
1. Hands on course on Stretta procedure for GERD (¾Æ»êº´¿ø Á¤ÈÆ¿ë) 2015-12-5. »óºÎÀ§Àå°üÇ︮ÄÚ¹ÚÅÍÇÐȸ ½ÉÆ÷Áö¾ö
1) ÃÖ±Ù ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó ½Ä¾àû¿¡¼ ½ÅÀÇ·á·Î ½ÂÀεǾú½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÎÁ¤ºñ±Þ¿©·Î ½ÃÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀǹÌÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¹®Á¦´Â ³Ê¹« ºñ½Î´Ù´Â °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.
2) ÀûÀÀÁõ: PPI¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â GERD ȯÀÚ
a) Non-responder to PPIs: non-acid reflux, poor responder despite high dose PPIs, GERD with LPR, extraesophagal symptoms
b) Intolerant to PPIs: severe adverse reaction to PPIs
c) Refractory GERD: recurrent disease after quitting PPIs
d) Candidate to surgery
3) ±Ý±âÁõ
a) age < 18 years
b) pregnant women
c) patients without diagnosis og GERD
d) large hiatal hernia more than 3 cm
e) achalasia or incomplete LES relaxation
f) poor surgical candidate
4) ¾ÈÀü¼º: 2004³â±îÁö ¸¹Àº ½Ã¼ú¿¹°¡ ÀÖÀ¸³ª ½ÄµµÃµ°ø ÇÕº´ÁõÀ¸·Î ÁߴܵǾúÀ½ (1¸í »ç¸Á). ÀÌÈÄ È¸»ç°¡ ¹Ù²î°í electronic delivery¸¦ Á¶±Ý ¾àÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â µî º¯È¸¦ ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ÇöÀç´Â ÈξÀ ¾ÈÀüÇØÁü.
5) È¿°ú: Àý¹Ý Á¤µµ´Â ¾à ¾øÀÌ Áö³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.
6) ±âÀü: 6 level¿¡ radiofrequency¸¦ °¡ÇÏ¿© coagulationÀ̳ª necrosis°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ hypertrophy°¡ À¯µµµÊ.
7) ½Ã¼ú tip
a) ħÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇÏ¿© atropine Åõ¿©
b) propofolÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ÁøÁ¤
c) ³»½Ã°æÀ¸·Î À§Ä¡¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ°í ±â°è¿¡ ¸î cmÀÎÁö¸¦ ÀÔ·Â.¹®Á¦Á¡: °¡Àå Å« ¹®Á¦´Â °íºñ¿ëÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ½Ã¼úºñ´Â Àû¾îµµ 400¸¸¿øÀº µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ µí ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ³Ê¹« ºñ½Î´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. È¿°ú°¡ 100%µµ ¾Æ´Ñµ¥...
2. Meta-analysis (2014) and other literatures
2014³â 2¿ù±îÁö ¹ßÇ¥µÈ 4°³ÀÇ ¹«ÀÛÀ§ ÀüÇâÀû ¿¬±¸(165¸í)ÀÇ ¸ÞŸºÐ¼®ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù (Lipka S. CGH 2015). Á¦¸ñºÎÅÍ negative result¿´À½À» °·ÂÈ÷ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. No evidence for efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for treatment of GERD. ¸ÞŸºÐ¼®¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞµÈ ¹Ì±¹ FDA ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé 4¸íÀÌ »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
We collected data from 4 trials and a total of 165 patients (153 patients were analyzed). Three trials compared Stretta vs sham, and 1 trial compared Stretta with PPI therapy. The overall quality of evidence was very low. The pooled results showed no difference between Stretta and sham or management with PPI in patients with GERD for the outcomes of mean (%) time the pH was less than 4 over a 24-hour time course, LESP, ability to stop PPIs, or HRQOL.
¸ÞŸºÐ¼®ÀÇ discussionÀ» ÀϺΠ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù. 18°³ ¿¬±¸ 1,441¸í pooled data¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ PerryÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ °¡Â÷¾øÀÌ ºñÆÇÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
The beneficial effects of Stretta reported by Perry et al were based on single-arm, pre-post design studies, which are prone to regression to the mean, making the efficacy of Stretta susceptible to a high risk of bias. Regression to the mean is a statistical phenomenon that affects all pre-experimental designs that include, or analyze data from, participants selected on the basis of an extreme, usually low or high, pre-intervention condition. Although there is well-recognized value to using single-group studies to identify and quantify the occurrence of adverse events, the role of these studies in evaluating efficacy and safety is not well developed.29 Therefore, the nearly unanimous efficacy of Stretta for the management of GERD observed in single-arm studies is not appropriate for informed decision making.
Recently, SAGES made a "strong recommendation" about the use of Stretta for GERD. However, the panel members of SAGES did not provide details on the process of how they arrived at this recommendation.
Although Stretta¡¯s mechanism of action for the treatment of GERD is not understood fully, it appears to increase the resting tone and reduce the incidence of transient relaxations of the LES. Although data from human beings are lacking, this appears to result from induction of hypertrophy and fibrosis of the LES, and possible tissue neurolysis.
Until more good-quality evidence is available, we agree with the new American College of Gastroenterology guidelines (2013) on GERD that the "current endoscopic therapy... cannot be recommended as an alternative to medical or traditional surgical therapy."
2014³â PandolfinoÀÇ ¸®ºä(CGH 2014)¿¡ ½Ç¸° Stretta¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎÁ¤Àû °ßÇØ
The Stretta device showed promising results with early open-label trials. However, the randomized sham-controlled trials did not support the findings of the open-label trials. Thus, high-quality evidence suggests that the Stretta procedure only provides a mild subjective improvement in symptoms but no objective improvement in reflux burden, EGJ function, or reduction in PPI use. The mechanism of the symptom improvement has been postulated to be related to alteration in esophageal visceral afferent fibers resulting from thermal injury. The lack of improvement in objective parameters, along with complications noted that are not much less frequent or severe compared with fundoplication, make this approach less attractive. Further studies are unlikely to change this recommendation and thus, we would not recommend use of Stretta for the treatment of GERD.
Áß±¹¿¡¼ laparoscopic fundoplication°ú Stretta¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÑ ÀüÇâÀû ¿¬±¸ÀÇ Áß°£°á°ú¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù (Liang WT. 2015). PPI Áß´ÜÀ²Àº Stretta 72.3%, fundoplication 68.3%·Î ºñ½ÁÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ÀüÇüÀû Áõ»óÀÇ È£ÀüÀº fundoplication ±ºÀÌ ¿ì¿ùÇß½À´Ï´Ù.
3. Stretta symposium (2016³â 1¿ù 29ÀÏ 18:00-21:05, Grand Hyatt Hotel)
¿¬ÀÚÀÎ Mark Noar ¹Ú»ç(mnoar@gastro-doc.com, Endoscopic Microsurgery Associates, Towson, Maryland)ÀÇ ÃÖ±Ù letter¸¦ ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù (Noar. CGH 2015). 2014³â PandolfinoÀÇ ¸®ºä(CGH 2014)¿¡ ½Ç¸° Stretta¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎÁ¤Àû °ßÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý¹ÚÀÇ ±ÛÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
The device design and function specifically allow for treatment of the muscularis propria only and not the mucosal or submucosa.
... results in muscle fiber bundle proliferation and increased muscle cell volume within each bundle, cuasing sphincter lengthening and thickening and increased physiolical barrier function.
1) Up-to-date diagnosis and treatment of GERD (¿¬¼¼´ëÇб³ ÀÌ»ó±æ)
GERD relapse rates on maintenance Placebo - 78%
H2RA - 64%
Half dose PPI - 40-50%
Standard dose - 15-20%
ÀÌ»ó±æ ¼±»ý´ÔÀº continuous therapy¿Í on demand therapy¸¦ ºñ±³ÇÑ ÀϺ» ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼Ò°³Çϼ̽À´Ï´Ù (Nahagara SJG 2014:49;409-417). ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î continuous therapy ±ºÀÌ on demand therapy±º¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© Áõ»óÁ¶ÀýÀÌ Àß µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 24ÁÖ ¿¬±¸±â°£ Áß ¸¶Áö¸· 7ÁÖ µ¿¾È¿¡´Â ¾ç±º »çÀÌ¿¡ Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù (¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²). Áï continuous therapy³ª on demand therapy³ª ¿À·¡µÇ¸é ºñ½ÁÇØÁø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ»ó±æ ¼±»ý´ÔÀº ½ÉÇÑ ½Äµµ¿°ÀÌ ÀûÀº ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿¡¼´Â on demand°¡ ¿ì¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸»¾¸Çϼ̽À´Ï´Ù. (ÀÌÁØÇà ÁÖ: Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ÀÚ·á¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Continuous therapy´Â ¸ÅÀÏ ¾àÀ» ¸Ô´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ°í on demand therapy (gradually increase the interval between medications as long as the symptoms do not recur)´Â º¸Åë ÀÏÁÖÀÏ¿¡ 2-3ȸ ¸Ô´Â ¹æ¹ýÀε¥ º° Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â threshold therapy¸¦ ¼±È£Çϴµ¥ °³³ä»ó on demnad¿¡ °¡±õ½À´Ï´Ù.)
Percentage of patients who were symptom free for 6 or more days a week as recorded on a daily chart. **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 versus on-demand group.
NERD¿¡¼ À¯Áö¿ä¹ýÀÇ È¿°ú°¡ ³·½À´Ï´Ù (Kusano JG 2015:50;298-304). Maintenance therapy¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸¸Á·ÇÑ È¯ÀÚ´Â ERD ±º¿¡¼ 70%, NERD ±º¿¡¼ 50%¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
2) Stretta treatment of GERD (Mark Noar)
Noar ¹Ú»ç´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» "Interventional sphincterologist"·Î ¼Ò°³ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
GERD´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ chronic degenerative diseaseÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 3 phase evolutionÀ» »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. (1) sensitive, (2) degenerative, (3) destructive·Î ³ª´ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ÀÌ Áß µÎ¹ø°°¡ Stretta Ä¡·á ´ë»óÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Pathological disease concepts Acid-pepsin interaction
TRPV1/TRPV4 receptor mediated
LES dual sphincter degradation
Sling-clasp muscles
Muscularis mucosa sphincters
Multi-factorial pathogenesis
The practice of sphincter directed therapy Correct the degenerative effects of chronic reflux
Restore natural sphincter function
Restore barrier function
Increase gastric yield pressure
Control TLESRs
Reverse premalignant conditions
Prevent development of cancer
Stretta RF delivery catheter Flexible
Sofe bougie tip (20 Fr)
6 mm shaft (20 Fr)
65 cm operating shaft
Balloon/basket (max 3 cm)
5.5 mm Niti electrode needles
Continous irrigation and suction channel
Contraindications Subjects under the age of 18?
Pregnant women
Patients without a diagnosis of GERD
Hiatal hernia > 3 cm
Achalasia
Severe scleroderma
Esophageal or gastic varix
Poor surgical candidates
3) Discussion
- ÃÖ±Ù ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ Stretta°¡ º¸Çè±Þ¿©°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. º¸Çèȸ»çµéÀº Stretta ½Ã¼úÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© Áõ»óÀÌ °³¼±µÇ¾î ȯÀÚ°¡ º´¿ø ¹æ¹®À» ´úÇÏ°í, °Ë»ç¸¦ ´úÇÏ°í, ¾àÀ» ´ú ¸Ô¾î¼ °æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÑ´Ù.
- Stretta ½Ã¼ú ¼ö³â ÈÄ Áõ»óÀÌ Àç¹ßÇÏ´Â ¿¹°¡ Àִٴµ¥...? Noar ¹Ú»ç ´äº¯: GERD´Â chronic regenerative diseaseÀÌ´Ù. Çѹø Áõ»óÀÌ ´Ù¼Ò ÁÁ¾ÆÁ³´Ù´õ¶óµµ üÁß°ü¸®, ¾ß½Ä/°ú½Ä ÇÇÇϱâ, ¾ËÄÝ ÇÇÇϱ⠵îÀ» °ÔÀ»¸®Çϸé reflux°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°í ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÑ degenerative change°¡ ½ÉÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
- ³»½Ã°æ¿¡¼ GE junctionÀÌ patulousÇÏ°Ô ¿·ÁÀÖÀ¸¸é motility °Ë»ç¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª GE junctionÀÌ tightÇÑ ¸ð¾çÀε¥ GERD Áõ»óÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é motility disease °¡´É¼º °í·ÁÇÏ¿© manometry¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù.
- Stretta ½Ã¼ú ÈÄ ¹Ù·¿½Äµµ°¡ regression µÈ´Ù.
- ÇùÂøÀ» °æÇèÇÑ ÀûÀÌ Àִ°¡? Noar ¹Ú»ç ´äº¯: ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö´Â ¾ø¾ú´Ù. LES pressure°¡ ¿Ã¶ó°¡´Âµ¥ º¸Åë Á¤»ó Á¤µµ±îÁö¸¸ ¿À¸¥´Ù. ±× ÀÌ»ó ¿À¸£´Â °æ¿ì´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.
- LPR (laryngopharyngeal reflux) ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ Å©°Ô µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
- 3 cm ÀÌ»ó hiatal hernia¿¡¼´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ°¡? Noar ¹Ú»ç ´äº¯: º¯ÇüµÈ techniqueÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ½Ã¼úÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÉÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â hiatal hernia´Â surgery·Î ±³Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀÌ¾î¼ Stretta procedure¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
4. Stretta¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸°Çº¹ÁöºÎ °í½Ã (2014)
2014³â ¸¶Áö¸· '°è°£ ÀÇ·áÁ¤Ã¥Æ÷·³'¿¡ 'Stretta¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ À§½Äµµ¿ª·ùÁúȯÀÇ Ä¡·á (º¸°Çº¹ÁöºÎ °í½Ã Á¦2014-178È£)'¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ ½Ç·È½À´Ï´Ù (¸µÅ©). ÇâÈÄ Áß¿äÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í °°¾Æ¼ Àü¹®À» ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù.
"STRETTA¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ À§½Äµµ¿ª·ùÁúȯ Ä¡·á¼úÀº À§½Äµµ¿ª·ùÁúȯ ȯÀÚ¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î °íÁÖÆÄ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½ÄµµÁ¡¸·ÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀ» À¯¹ßÇÏ¿© ÇϺνĵµ°ý¾à±ÙÀ» µÎ²®°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿ª·ùÁúȯ Áõ»óÀ» °³¼±½ÃÅ°´Â ÀÇ·á±â¼úÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã¼úÀÇ ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀº ½Ã¼ú°ü·Ã ÇÕº´ÁõÀ» ÅëÇØ, À¯È¿¼ºÀº ¾à¹°º¹¿ë Áß´Ü ¹× °¨¼Ò, Áõ»ó°³¼±, ±â´É°Ë»çÁöÇ¥·Î Æò°¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹®Çå°Ë»öÀº ÄÚ¸®¾Æ¸Þµå¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ 8°³ ±¹³» µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º¿Í Ovid-MEDLINE, Ovid-EMBASE ¹× Cochrane Library µîÀÇ ±¹¿Ü µ¥ÀÌÅͺ£À̽º¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù.°ü·Ã¹®ÇåÀº [[gastroesophageal reflux.mp. OR exp Gastroesophageal Reflux/] OR 'GERD.mp.' OR 'GORD.mp.']] AND 'stretta.mp.']µîÀÇ °Ë»ö Àü·« ¹× ¼ö±â°Ë»öÀ» ÅëÇØ ÃÑ 277ÆíÀÇ ¹®ÇåÀ» °Ë»öÇÏ¿´°í, Áߺ¹ °Ë»öµÈ ¹®Çå(86°³)¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ÃÑ164°³°¡ Á¦¿ÜµÇ¾î ÃÑ 27°³ÀÇ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÃÖÁ¾ Æò°¡¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾú´Ù.
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º» °á°ú´Â º¸°Çº¹ÁöºÎ °í½Ã Á¦2014-178È£(2014³â 10¿ù 17ÀÏ)·Î °øÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Ù.
6. 2016³â 10¿ù 8ÀÏ SGI meeting - Noar ¹Ú»ç °ÀÇ
Disease progression mechanisms
Sphincter-target therapyÀÎ Stretta´Â destructive procedure°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í stimulating procedureÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
10 year durability study: Noar M. Surg Endosc 2014
RESULTS: The primary outcome was achieved in 72% of patients (95% confidence interval 65-79). For secondary outcomes, a 50% or greater reduction in PPI use occurred in 64% of patients, (41% eliminating PPIs entirely), and a 60% or greater increase in satisfaction occurred in 54% of patients. Both secondary endpoints were achieved. The most common side effect was short-term chest pain (50%). Pre-existing Barrett's metaplasia regressed in 85% of biopsied patients. No cases of esophageal cancer occurred.
Extrinsic sphincter therapy¿Í intrinsic sphincter therapy°¡ ÀÖ°í À̸¦ ÇÔ²² ¾²¸é ´õ ÁÁ½À´Ï´Ù. Extrinsic sphincter therapyÀÎ Nissen fundoplicationÀÌ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ °æ¿ì intrinsic sphincter therapyÀÎ Stretta therapy°¡ ÁÁÀº optionÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
7. 2016³â 11¿ù 26ÀÏ ³»½Ã°æÇÐȸ breakfast session Á¤ÈÆ¿ë ±³¼ö´Ô °ÀÇ
"Stretta Ä¡·á´Â gap Ä¡·áÀÔ´Ï´Ù."
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2) Gap Ä¡·á·Îµµ È¿°ú°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¼ö¼ú·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¼ö¼ú·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡±â¿¡ À¯¸®ÇÑ Ä¡·á°¡ StrettaÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Stretta procedure for bariatric patient: Sleeve gastrectomy¸¦ ¹ÞÀº ȯÀÚ¿¡¼´Â À§¿ëÀûÀÌ Àû¾î¼ GERD°¡ ¹ß»ýÇϱ⠽¬¿îµ¥ ÀÌ È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼´Â fundoplicationÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í Stretta¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Poor outcomeÀÌ ¿¹ÃøµÇ´Â ȯÀÚ Subjects under the age of 18 (¾Æ¸¶µµ µ¿ÀǼ ¹®Á¦)
Pregnant women
Patients without a diagnosis of GERD
Hiatal hernia > 2 cm
Achalasia
Poor surgical candidates
¾Æ»êº´¿ø Stretta ½Ã¼ú 10¿¹ Áß 6¸íÀº PPI¸¦ ²÷¾ú´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Stretta ½Ã¼ú ÈÄ LES pressure°¡ 10 ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ¿Ã¶ó°©´Ï´Ù. 10 ¹Ì¸¸ÀÎ »ç¶÷Àº 10 ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ¿Ã¶ó°¡´Âµ¥ 20 Á¤µµÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¿Ã¶ó°¡Áö´Â ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.
Anxiety, overlap syndromeÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¿ª·ù Áõ»óÀº ÁÁ¾ÆÁöÁö¸¸ anxiety³ª ´Ù¸¥ Áõ»ó ¶§¹®¿¡ overall quality of life´Â °³¼±µÇÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.
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ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ meta-analysis¿¡¼ Áõ»óÀ̳ª parameter µî¿¡¼ È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °á·ÐÀ̾ú´Âµ¥¿ä... ¾î¶»°Ô »ý°¢ÇϽôÂÁö¿ä?
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¸ðµç parameter°¡ ´Ù ÁÁ¾ÆÁö´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀϺΠparameter¿Í »ó´ç¼ö Áõ»óÀÌ °³¼±µË´Ï´Ù. ¼ö¼ú·Î PPI¸¦ ²÷À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì´Â 60-70% Á¤µµÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Gap Ä¡·áÀÎ Stretta°¡ À̺¸´Ù ³ôÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëÇϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù. ȯÀÚÀÇ Áõ»óÀº ÁÁ¾ÆÁöÁö¸¸ ÀϹÝÀûÀÌ°í °´°üÀûÀÎ parameter°¡ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ÁÁ¾ÆÁö´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù.
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© ÀÏ¿ø³»½Ã°æ±³½Ç ¹Ù¸¥³»½Ã°æ¿¬±¸¼Ò ÀÌÁØÇà. EndoTODAY Endoscopy Learning Center. Lee Jun Haeng.