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[StomachTODAY 041. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hemorrhagic gastritis / colitis] - ðû

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1. Immune checkpoint inhibitor¶õ?

2. Immune checkpoint inhibitorÀÇ ºÎÀÛ¿ë

3. ÃâÇ÷¼º À§¿°, CMV À§¿°

4. ÃâÇ÷¼º ´ëÀå¿°

5. °£¼¼Æ÷¾Ï atezolizumab + bevacizumab Ä¡·á¿¡¼­ À§Àå°ü õ°ø

6. Ãé´ãµµÆÄÆ®ÀÇ Ã³¹æ·Ê

7. References


1. Immune checkpoint inhibitor¶õ ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî?

Çлý ¶§ ÀÌ·± ±×¸²À» º¸½Å ÀûÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors´Â Æó¾Ï, ¾Ç¼º Èæ»öÁ¾ µî ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¾Ç¼ºÁúȯ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµË´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²¿¡¼­ º¸ÀÌ´Â ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ Å©°Ô ¼¼°³ÀÇ target moleculeÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

source: The Pharmaceutical Journal 2018
The T-cell receptor binds to an antigen found on the major histocompatibility complex on the surface of the cancer cell.
1) This is a stimulatory response and activates T cells to remove pathogens or cancer cells (shown as the positive circles). A co-stimulatory receptor also exists (CD28), which binds to a ligand (CD80). This results in an increased immune response toward the cancer cell
2) CTLA-4 has a stronger affinity to CD80 and so competes with the co-stimulatory pathway to inhibit the response and ¡®switch it off¡¯
3) When a strong TCR stimulus exists, the inhibitor molecule CTLA-4 is upregulated and transported to the surface of the cell; a similar process occurs with PD-1
4) The checkpoint inhibitors act by blocking the inhibitory response by targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 or the ligand PD-L1.

À§¾Ï ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­µµ immune-checkpoint inhibitorÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ È°¹ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù. 2018³â KINGCA À§¾Ï °¡À̵å¶óÀο¡¼­µµ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ ¾ð±ÞµÇ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.


2. ºÎÀÛ¿ë

Checkpoint inhibitor´Â ¸é¿ª±â´É¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¾àÀ̹ǷΠ¸é¿ª°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ¿©·¯ Àå±â¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÑ °¡Áö ¾àÀ» ¾µ ¶§¿¡µµ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±âÀüÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ µÎ °³ÀÇ checkpoint inhibitor¸¦ ¾²¸é ½ÉÇÑ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϱ⠽±½À´Ï´Ù. ´ëÀå¿°, ÇǺΠ¹ßÁø, °©»ó¼± ±â´ÉÀúÇÏÁõ µîÀÌ ÈçÇÏÁö¸¸ ÃâÇ÷¼º À§¿°µµ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç¿¡¼­´Â lymphocytic ȤÀº eosinophilic gastritisÀÇ ¾ç»óÀ» º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Å©·Ðº´ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¾ç»óÀ» º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 2019

¾à¹°¿ªÇÐÀ§ÇØ°ü¸®ÇÐȸÁö 2019 (ÇѸ²´ë Àå½ÂÈÆ)ÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù.

PD-1/PD-L1 ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ Åõ¿© ÈÄ °æÁõ ¼³»ç°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì´Â 6-8%·Î ºó¹øÇÏÁö¸¸ ÁßÁõ ´ëÀå¿°À» À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì´Â 0.6%·Î ¸Å¿ì µå¹°´Ù. CTLA-4 ¾ïÁ¦Á¦¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àå¿°ÀÇ ¹ß»ý·üÀº 12.2%·Î PD-1/PD-L1 ¾ïÁ¦Á¦º¸´Ù ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°í CTCAE 3-4µî±ÞÀÇ Àå¿°µµ 10.4%³ª µÇ´Âµ¥, ¾ç»óÀÌ Å©·Ðº´°ú´Â »ó´çÈ÷ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÌ°í ±Ë¾ç¼º ´ëÀå¿°°ú ´õ À¯»çÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾à¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýÇÑ ´ëÀå¿° ȯÀÚÀÇ ¾à 25%°¡ ¼ÒÀå Àü¹Ý¿¡µµ ¿°ÁõÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ±Ë¾ç¼º ´ëÀå¿°°ú ´Ù¸¥ Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. PD-1/PD-L1 ¾ïÁ¦Á¦¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´ëÀå¿°Àº ¾ðÁ¦µç ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª Ä¡·á ½ÃÀÛ ÈÄ ¼ö °³¿ù ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹À¸³ª, CTLA-4 ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ÀÎ °æ¿ì´Â µÎ ¹ø°³ª ¼¼ ¹ø° Åõ¿©ÇÒ ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù. Ç×¾ÏÁ¦¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´ëÀå¿°Àº °¨¿°¼º ´ëÀå¿°°ú °¨º°ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. °æÁõ ¼³»çÀÎ °æ¿ì Ç×¾ÏÁ¦ Ä¡·á¸¦ Áö¼ÓÇϸ鼭 ÀûÀýÇÑ ´ëÁõ¿ä¹ýÀ» ½ÃÇàÇϴµ¥ 2ÁÖ ÀÌ»ó Áõ»óÀÌ Áö¼ÓµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Ç×¾ÏÄ¡·á¸¦ Áß´ÜÇÏ°í Àú¿ë·®ÀÇ ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵带 Åõ¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, 3ÀÏ°£ Áõ»ó È£ÀüÀÌ ¾ø°Å³ª ¾ÇÈ­µÇ¸é °í¿ë·® ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵带 Åõ¿©Çϸç ÀÌ°Í¿¡µµ ºÒÀÀÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â TNF-alpha ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ÀÎ infliximab Åõ¿©¸¦ °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏ·ç 4-6ȸ ¼³»ç¸¦ ÇÏ´Â ÁßµîÁõ ´ëÀå¿° Áõ»óÀ» º¸ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¸é¿ª°ü¹® ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ Åõ¿©¸¦ Áß´ÜÇÏ°í ´ëÁõ¿ä¹ý°ú ȯÀÚÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀ À» °üÂûÇϸç Àú¿ë·® ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵å, °í¿ë·® ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵å, infliximab Åõ¿©·Î ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î Ä¡·á ´Ü°è¸¦ »óÇâÇÑ´Ù. Áõ»óÀÌ È¸º¹ µÇ¸é PD-1/PD-L1 ¾ïÁ¦Á¦´Â ÀçÅõ¿© °¡´ÉÇϳª CTLA-4 ¾ïÁ¦Á¦´Â ¿µ±¸ Áß´ÜÀ» °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏ·ç 7ȸ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¼³»ç, ½ÉÇÑ º¹ÅëÀ» È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â ÁßÁõ ´ëÀå¿°ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Áï°¢ Ç×¾ÏÁ¦ Åõ¿©¸¦ ÁßÁöÇÏ°í ´ëÁõ¿ä¹ý°ú °í¿ë·® ½ºÅ×·ÎÀ̵带 Åõ¿©ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ºÒÀÀÇϸé infliximabÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÏ°í ȸº¹ ÈÄ¿¡µµ Ç×¾ÏÄ¡·áÀÇ Àç°³´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

Intestinal Research 2021¿¡ ½Ç¸° Á¾¼³¿¡¼­ ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù.

ICI ASSOCIATED IMMUNE-RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS

irAEs (immune-related adverse events) associated with ICIs are commonly known to affect the colon, liver, lungs, pituitary, thyroid and skin, and less commonly the heart, nervous system and other organs. The reported incidence of irAEs from different clinical trials has been variable, largely due to an inconsistent definition of an irAE. An irAE incidence of 15% to 90% (of any grade) has been reported and severe toxicities requiring immunosuppression after discontinuation of the offending drug occurred 0.5% to 13% of the time. Most of these clinical trials state that gastrointestinal tract toxicities tend to be the most commonly occurring serious irAEs. A systematic review conducted by Wang et al. focused on fatal toxicities of all ICI therapies using the database of the World Health Organization, reported a total of 613 fatal events from 2009 to 2018. Out of these, 198 deaths were due to anti-CTLA-4 therapy, and colitis was the cause in 135 cases (70%). Numerous mechanisms have been proposed for irAEs that occur with ICI usage. One belief is that since CTLA-4 is responsible for the regulation of self-antigen tolerance, blockage of CTLA-4 can lead to downstream autoimmunity leading to CD4 T-helper cell and CD8 T-cell tissue infiltration and cytokine release. Mouse modes of regulatory T-cells (Treg) deficiency subsequently developed autoimmune diseases. Since CTLA-4 is abundantly expressed on the surface of Treg cells, CTLA-4 blockade could lead to diminished numbers of Treg and lead to autoimmunity. Recent data advocate the involvement of human gastrointestinal microbiota in the development of ICI induced colitis.


3. ÃâÇ÷¼º À§¿°

¾Æ·¡ ȯÀÚ´Â ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ checkpoint inhibitor-induced hemorrhagic gastritisÀÇ ³»½Ã°æ ¼Ò°ßÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Æó¾ÏÀ¸·Î programmed cell death-1 inhibitor pembrolizumabÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´ø ºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±¸¿ª°ú ¼Ó¾²¸²ÀÇ Áõ»óÀ̾ú°í ³»½Ã°æ¿¡¼­´Â diffuseÇÑ ºÎÁ¾, ¹ßÀû, friability µîÀÌ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â °¡±ÞÀû ÃâÇ÷¼º À§¿°À̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¾²Áö ¸»ÀÚ°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù¸¸, checkpoint inhibitor¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­´Â ÃâÇ÷¼º À§¿°À̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î°¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

ÃâÇ÷¼º À§¿° ¾ç»óÀ̹ǷΠÁ¶Á÷°Ë»ç°¡ ¹«¼­¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± °æ¿ìÀÇ ÃâÇ÷Àº peptic ulcer with exposed vesselÀ̳ª Dieulafoy ulcer¿Í´Â ´Ù¸¥ »óȲÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿°ÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Á¡¸·¿¡¼­ oozing µÇ´Â ¾ç»óÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù°í ´ë·® ÃâÇ÷ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ È®·üÀº ³ôÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. Á¶Á÷ÇÐÀû Áõ°Å¸¦ °¡Áö°í Áø´ÜÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ °¡±ÞÀû 2°³ Á¤µµÀÇ Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç¸¦ ÇÏ½Ç °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Checkpoint inhibitor¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϴ ȯÀÚÀÇ ÃâÇ÷¼º À§¿°Àº Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç ÇÕº´Áõ À§Ç躸´Ù Á¤È®ÇÑ È®ÁøÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ »óȲÀ̴ϱî¿ä.

Ä¡·á´Â steroidÀ̸ç È£ÀüÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é infliximabÀ» Åõ¿©ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.


[CMV gastritis]

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (Pembrolizumab)¸¦ ¾²¸é CMV°¡ activationµÇ¾î CMV gastritis°¡ ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

CMV gastritis due to immune checkpoint inhibitor.

Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ±×¸²ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

CMV¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡·á¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇϸç immune checkpoint inhibitor (Pembrolizumab)µµ ²÷¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Á¡Â÷ È£ÀüµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. »ó¼¼ÇÑ ¼³¸íÀº ¾Æ·¡ µ¿¿µ»óÀ» Âü°íÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù.

2020-6-13 EndoTODAY on Air (EoA) YouTube ½Ç½Ã°£ °­ÀÇ


4. ÃâÇ÷¼º ´ëÀå¿°. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis Áõ·Ê

HCC

Esophageal cancer

2021³â °Ç±¹´ë À̼±¿µ ±³¼ö´Ô quiz Áß

2020³â 7¿ù 2ÀÏ ³»½Ã°æ Áý´ãȸ¿¡¼­ ÀÓ»ó°­»ç ±ÇÅÂÁø ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­ Á¤¸®ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

ACG Virtual Grand Round ½½¶óÀ̵忡µµ ÇØ´ç ³»¿ëÀÌ À־ ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÁÂÃø »ó´Ü »çÁø°ú ¼³¸íÀÔ´Ï´Ù.


5. °£¼¼Æ÷¾Ï atezolizumab + bevacizumab Ä¡·á¿¡¼­ À§Àå°ü õ°ø°ú ÃâÇ÷

°£¼¼Æ÷¾Ï Ç×¾ÏÄ¡·á·Î sorafenib°¡ ³Î¸® »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù atezolizumab + bevacizumab Ä¡·á°¡ ´õ È¿°úÀûÀ̶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ³½À´Ï´Ù (Finn et al. NEJM 2020).

AtezolizumabÀº PD-L1¿¡ ´ëÇÑ IgG1 antagonist antibodyÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Tumor cellÀÇ PD-L1ÀÌ activated T cellÀÇ PD-1°ú B7.1µî°ú bindingÇÏ¿© T cellÀ» inactivation ½ÃÅ°°í tumor¸¦ ÀÚ¶ó°Ô Çϴµ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ¸·À¸¸é¼­ tumor cellÀÇ Á×À½À» À¯µµÇÏ´Â ¾à¹°ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. BevacizumabÀº VEGFA¿¡ bindingÇÏ¿© VEGF mediated immunosuppressionÀ» ÁÙ¿©Áָ鼭 anti PD-1 and anti PD-L1µî immune checkpoint inhibitorÀÇ efficacy¸¦ potentiation½ÃÄѼ­ ½Ã³ÊÁöƽÇÑ effect¸¦ ³½´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. PD-1 inhibitor´Â single agent·Î¼­´Â phase 3 study¿¡¼­ overall survivalÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°Áö ¸øÇÏ¿´¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

±×·±µ¥ ÃÖ±Ù ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ Ate/Beva Ä¡·áÀÇ ÇÕº´ÁõÀ¸·Î À§Àå°ü õ°øÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. °£ »óÅ°¡ ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº ºÐÀ̹ǷΠÀÏ´Ü À§Àå°ü õ°øÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϸé È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëóÇϱ⠾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù. Á¶±ÝÀ̶ó°í Àǽɵǰųª °íÀ§Ç豺À¸·Î »ý°¢µÇ¸é ¹Ì¸® PPI¸¦ ¾²´Â °ÍÀº ¾î¶²°¡ È¥ÀÚ »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.

Bleedingµµ ¹®Á¦ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Esophageal varix³ª gastric varix°¡ ÇöÀúÇÒ ¶§ atezolizumab + bevacizumab Ä¡·á°¡ ÃâÇ÷À» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¿ì·Á°¡ Á¦±âµÇ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

Targeted Oncology Åä·Ð µ¿¿µ»ó

ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â atezolizumab + bevacizumab Ä¡·á Àü varix¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ¿© ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÀÌ»óÀ̸é atezolizumab + bevacizumab Ä¡·á Àü band ligationÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±ÇÇϱ⵵ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ³»½Ã°æÀ¸·Î varix¸¦ Æò°¡Çϸ鼭 ÀûÀýÇÑ gradingÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

F2 RC (+)·Î Æò°¡µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª F1 RC (-)·Î º¯°æÇÏ¿´´ø Áõ·Ê


[2022-4-14] Single topic symposium on esophageal varix grading

F1 (linear, < 5mm)°ú F2 (beaded or tortuous, >5mm)ÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀÌ ¾Ö¸ÅÇϸé F1À¸·Î ÁØ´Ù. ¾à°£ beaded ÇÑ ¸ð¾çÀÌ´õ¶óµµ 5mm ¹Ì¸¸À̸é F1À¸·Î ÁØ´Ù.

F2¿Í F3ÀÇ ±¸ºÐÀº ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î º° Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

¾Ö¸ÅÇÏ¸é ¼¼°Ô Áֱ⺸´Ù´Â ¾àÇÏ°Ô ÁØ´Ù.

EVLÀ» ¿©·¯¹ø ½ÃÇà¹ÞÀº ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â F1,2,3 ±¸ºÐÀÌ ¾î·Æ´Ù. Ä¡·á°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÆǴܵǸé F2, Ä¡·á°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ÆǴܵǸé F1À» Áֱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. »çÁøÀ» Àß Âï¾îµÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.


6. Ãé´ãµµÆÄÆ® ó¹æ·Ê

[2021-1] Ãé´ãµµÆÄÆ®¿¡¼­ ½ÃÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Ä¡·á¸¦ ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. °¡°Ý µî º¸Çè Á¶°ÇÀº ¼ö½Ã·Î ¹Ù²ò´Ï´Ù.

¾àÁ¦: Pembrolizumab

Ç¥ÁØ Ä¡·á¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇ߰ųª Ç¥ÁØ Ä¡·á°¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº PD-L1 positive ÁøÇ༺ ´ãµµ¾Ï, ´ã³¶¾Ï (¹ÙÅÍÆØ´ëºÎ¾Ï)

D1: pembrolizumab 200mg + NaCl 0.9% 100ml (over 30 min)

3ÁÖ °£°Ý, 2ÁÖ¸¶´Ù CBC, chemistry, electrolyte, CA 19-9, chest PA

TSA: baseline, 6ÁÖÂ÷, 12ÁÖÂ÷, 18ÁÖÂ÷

1 cycle: 570¸¸¿ø

Low protein binding 0.2-5 micron in-line filter »ç¿ë


[References]

1) EndoTODAY chimeric antigen receptor-T ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¾Ï ¸é¿ªÄ¡·á CAR-T

2) NK cell ±â´É °Ë»ç¿Í NK cell Ç×¾Ï Ä¡·áÁ¦



© ÀÏ¿ø³»½Ã°æ±³½Ç ¹Ù¸¥³»½Ã°æ¿¬±¸¼Ò ÀÌÁØÇà. EndoTODAY Endoscopy Learning Center. Lee Jun Haeng (2020-5-21, update: 2022-1-22)