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[Microbiome, microbiota, Àå³»¼¼±Õ] - ðû

1. Introduction

2. ³ú-Àå-¹Ì»ý¹° Ãà Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis

3. Lectures

4. FAQs

5. References


1. Introduction to microbiome

Metagenomics: the study of the total DNA extracted from an enviornmental sample

Metagenome: all genetic materials present in a sample derived a specific person, consisting of microbial genomes and human DNA, some also including RNA and proteins and other metabolites.

Microbiome: can refer to microbiota but can also refer to collective genomes and gene products of microbes living within and on humans. (À¯ÀüÀÚ Áß½ÉÀÇ °³³ä)

Microbiota: total collection of microorganisms including the isolated/cultured and the genome-based identified microbes, extending the concepts of microbial community (ºÐ¸®µÈ ¹Ì»ý¹° Áß½ÉÀÇ °³³ä)

General understanding of enteric microbiota. ÇѾç´ëÇб³ ±èÁ¤¸ñ (2014-8-8)

[YouTube] ±èÁ¤¸ñ ±³¼ö´Ô YouTube °­ÀÇ 2020-7-10 ´ëÇѼÒÈ­±âÇÐȸ °æ±â ÀÎõÁö¿ª ¿¬±¸ÀÚ ½ÉÆ÷Áö¾ö


2. ³ú-Àå-¹Ì»ý¹° Ãà. Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis


3. Lectrures

[2020-12-5. ´ëÇÑÇ︮ÄÚ¹ÚÅÍ»óºÎÀ§Àå°ü½ÉÆ÷Áö¾ö ±èÁ¤¸ñ±³¼ö´Ô °­ÀÇ] ¸¶Áö¸· ½½¶óÀ̵å


[2016-7-11] Protein-losing enteropathy associated with PPI use. (¼ººó¼¾Æ® º´¿ø)

85¼¼ ¿©ÀÚ. À§¾Ï ¼ö¼ú º´·Â. GERD·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© pantoprazole »ç¿ëÇÏ´ø ȯÀÚ

Loose stool ÇÏ·ç 3ȸ. Pitting edema.

Chest PA: pleural effusion, Hg 9.9, Albumin 1.7, Iron 26, pleural effusion: transudate,

Abdominal CT: pleural effusion, EGD & colonoscopy: nonspecific

Glucose breath test ÈÄ small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)·Î Áø´ÜÇÏ¿´À½

¾ÇÈ­ÀÎÀÚÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â PPI¸¦ ²÷°í Rifaximin 400 mi TID for 7 days, MDZ 500 mg TID for 7 days ÈÄ È£ÀüµÊ. (RifaximinÀ» 7Àϸ¸ ¾´ °ÍÀº º¸Çè À̽´ÀÓ)

Classification of protein losing enteropathy
Erosive gastrointestinal disorders- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Gut malignancy
- NSAID-induced enteropathy
- Erosive gastropathy
- Acute graft versus host disease
- Pseudomembraneous enterocolitis
- Intestinal lymphoma
Non-erosive gastrointestinal disorders- Celiac disease
- Hypertrophic gastropathy
- Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
- Lymphocytic gastritis
- Amyloidosis
- Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
- Parasitic or viral gastroenteritis
Impaired lymphatic drainage- Intestinal lymphangiectasia
- Congestive heart failure
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Portal hypertensive gastroenteropathy
- Enteric-lymphatic fistula
- Mesenteric venous thrombosis
- Sclerosing mesenteritis
- Neoplasia involving mesenteric lymph nodes or lymphatics

Diagnosis of PLE
1) alpha 1 anti-trypsin (A1AT) clearance
2) 99mTc-human serum albumin scintigraphy

PPI Àå±â »ç¿ëÀÌ SIBOÀÇ À§ÇèÀÎÀÚÀΰ¡´Â controversialÇÔ. Duodenal aspirates·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÑ ÃÖ±Ù ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â positive relationshipÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾úÀ½ (Franco. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015). 2013³â ¸ÞŸºÐ¼®¿¡¼­´Â "PPI use statstically was associated with SIBO risk, but only when the diagnosis was made by a highly accurate test (duodenal or jejunal aspirate culture)"¶ó°í °á·ÐÀ» ¸Î°í ÀÖÀ½ (Lo WK. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013).

Saad RJ. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014

SIBO Áø´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ gold standard°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀØÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Breath test¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Ô´Ù°í ±×´ë·Î ¹ÏÀ¸¸é ¾È µÇ°í ¾ÕµÚ Á¤È²À» Àß »ìÆ캸¾Æ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

Saad RJ. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014

ÇÔ±â¹é ±³¼ö´Ô comment: PPI°¡ intestinal permeability¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

±è»ó±Õ ±³¼ö´Ô comment: ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ subtotal gastrectomy¸¦ ¹ÞÀº ºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. A loop¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ SIBOÀÏ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢µË´Ï´Ù.


[2017-9-1] Longterm PPI use and gut microbiota. ¼­¿ïÀÇ´ë Á¤Çö¼ö

PPIÀÇ pH ¹«°ü È¿°ú: (1) Hormonal effect, (2) Nutriant absoprtion, (3) Non-gastric H1/K1 ATPase (Vesper BJ. Current Drug Metab 2009)

Hp (+) ȯÀÚÀÇ À§³» micribiomeÀÇ 70-97%°¡ HelicobacterÀÓ. Helicobacter °ø»ý±Õµµ À§Á¾¾ç¹ß»ý¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

PPI »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡¼­ oral microbiota°¡ Áõ°¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

PPI »ç¿ëÀÚ º¯¿¡¼­ Methylobacteriaceae°¡ ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô °¨¼ÒµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.


[2018-2-11. ´ë¿õÁ¦¾à ½ÉÆ÷Áö¾ö] Àå³» ¼¼±Õ ºÒ±ÕÇü Æò°¡ ¹æ¹ý°ú ÀÓ»ó Àû¿ë. ¾ÆÁÖ´ëÇб³ ±è±Ô³²

Definition of dysbiosis: a state in which the microbiota produces harmful effects via (1) qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal flora itself, (2) changes in their metabolic activity, (3) changes in their local distribution

Assessment of dysbiosis

1) A shift in local distribution of communities of microbes
- breath hydrogen/methane for SIBO
- jejunal aspiration - fungus and SIBO
- urine organic acids test (Indican - product from tryptophan)

2) A change in the composition of the microbiota
- fecal specimen: calprotectin : º¸°Çº¹ÁöºÎ °í½Ã Á¦2017-37È£. ¿°Áõ¼º ÀåÁúȯ°ú °ú¹Î¼º ´ëÀå ÁõÈıº °¨º° Áø´Ü ¹× Ä¡·á È¿°ú ÆÇÁ¤, ÃßÀû°Ë»ç·Î ÀÌ¿ë
- urine specimen: organic acids test (phenylacetic acid...)

3) A change in microbial metabolic activities (stool sample)
- N-butyrate
- short-chain fatty acid composition
- beta-glucoronidase


[2018-2-12. ¿ù¿äÁý´ãȸ] ¹ÚÀç±Ù ¼±»ý´Ô ¸®ºä

Common ground hypothesis

C. difficile infetion°ú ¿µÀ¯¾Æ pancreatic islet autoimmunity¿¡¼­ clinicl study°¡ ÀÖÀ½. Atherosclerosis, anxiety, cancer, adiposity µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ preclinical study°¡ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖÀ½.


[2023-4-9] SIDDS 2023. ¾Æħ 8½Ã session. ±è³ª¿µ ±³¼ö´Ô °­ÀÇ] Ç︮ÄÚ¹ÚÅÍ Á¦±ÕÄ¡·á ÈÄ microbiotaÀÇ º¯È­

Ç︮ÄÚ¹ÚÅÍ Á¦±Õ ÈÄ À§ ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î¹ÙÀÌ¿ÈÀº Á¤»óÈ­µÇÁö¸¸, ÀϺΠAcinetobacter°¡ ÀÚ¶ó´Â dysbiosis ±ºÀÌ ÀÖ°í, aging¿¡ µû¸¥ º¯È­´Â ÀÖ´Ù. Àå ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î¹ÙÀÌ¿ÈÀº ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏÁö¸¸ °ð Á¤»óÈ­µÈ´Ù.


[FAQ]

[2013-11-22] »ï¼º¼­¿ïº´¿øÀÇ ¼ö¼ÒÈ£±â°Ë»ç

°Ë»ç¸í: ¼ö¼ÒÈ£±â°Ë»ç(Hydrogen Breath test)

°Ë»ç ÄÚµå: BS4650

°Ë»ç¸ñÀû: ¼ö¼ÒÈ£±â°Ë»ç´Â ±¸°­À¸·Î ¼·ÃëÇÑ ºñÈí¼ö¼º ź¼öÈ­¹°ÀÌ Àå³»¼¼±Õ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÐÇØµÇ¾î ¼ö¼Ò°¡ Çü¼ºµÈ ÈÄ ¹®¸Æ¼øȯÀ» °ÅÃÄ È£Èí±â¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¹èÃâµÇ´Â ¿ø¸®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °Ë»ç·Î, ¼ÒÀå¼¼±Õ°úÁõ½Ä(small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, SIBO)À» Áø´ÜÇϴµ¥ ºñħ½ÀÀûÀÎ °Ë»ç¹ýÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¼ÒÀå¼¼±Õ°úÁõ½ÄÀº ´ëÀå ¹× ¿øÀ§ºÎ ¼ÒÀåÀÇ »óÀç±ÕÀÌ ±ÙÀ§ºÎ ¼ÒÀåÀ¸·Î È®ÀåÇÏ¿© ¼­½ÄÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»Çϴµ¥, ¼ÒÀå³» ³ÐÀº ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ¼¼±Õ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °¡½º°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿© °ú¹Î¼ºÀåÁõÈıº ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ Áõ»ó(º¹ºÎÆظ¸, º¹Åë, ¼³»ç, º¯ºñ µî)À» À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

°Ë»ç¹æ¹ý: ¾à 3½Ã°£ °¡·® ¼Ò¿äµÇ´Â °Ë»ç·Î, ½Ã¾à(lactulose)À» ¹° 240 cc ¿¡ ³ì¿© ¼·Ãë ÈÄ 20~30ºÐ °£°ÝÀ¸·Î 7~10¹ø ºñ´ÒÆÑÀÌ ´Þ¸° °Ëü¿ë ÁÖ»ç±â¸¦ ´ç±â¸é¼­ dz¼± ºÒµíÀÌ ÃµÃµÈ÷ ºÒ¾î È£±â°¡½º¸¦ ¼öÁýÇÑ ÈÄ, È£±â°¡½ººÐ¼®±â¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ºÐ¼®ÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù.

[2013-8-20. 17ȸ SGEA Âü¼®ÀÚ Áú¹®]

ÇÔ²² ±Ù¹«ÇÏ´Â ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼­ Àå¿° ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô rifaximinÀ» Á¾Á¾ ó¹æÇϽô °ÍÀ» º¸¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. Á¦°¡ »ç¿ë °æÇèÀÌ Àû¾î¼­ rifaximinÀÌ ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ´ÂÁö ±Ã±ÝÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î °í¹ÎµÇ´Â ȯÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¸¼º ¼³»ç¸¦ È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â °í·É ³²ÀÚȯÀÚÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¼³»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©·¯ ¾à¿¡ ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°¡ ciprofloxacin + metronidazoleÀ» ½è´õ´Ï Áõ»óÀÌ ´Ù¼Ò È£ÀüµÇ¾î ȯÀÚºÐÀº ÀÌ ¾àÀ» Àå±â·Î º¹¿ëÇÏ°í ½Í¾î ÇϽʴϴÙ. ¾àÀ» Àå±â·Î ¾²½Ã¸é ¾È µÈ´Ù°í ¼³µæÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¾ß ÇÒÁö¿ä?

[2013-8-20. ±èÀº¶õ ±³¼ö´Ô ´äº¯]

Ç×»ýÁ¦°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ ±Þ¼º °¨¿°¼º ¼³»ç¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â ÁÖµÈ ±ÕÀº Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter ±×¸®°í °³¹ßµµ»ó±¹¿¡ Á» ´õ ÈçÇÑ enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC, fecal to oral infection) µîÀÌ ÀÖ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. Campylobacter (quinolone¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÃÖ±Ù quinolone resistant ±ÕÁÖµéÀÌ ¸¹¾ÆÁ³±â ¶§¹®ÀÓ)¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ±Õ µéÀº ¸ðµÎ quinolone Á¦Á¦¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¸î °¡Áö Ư¼ö Ç×»ýÁ¦°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±ÕÁÖ ÀÌ¿Ü¿¡ Aeromonas, Vibrio, Yersinia µîµµ quinolone¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î first choice·Î quinolone Á¦Á¦¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϽô °ÍÀÌ ÃßõµË´Ï´Ù.

RifaximinÀº ETEC¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Salmonella, Shigella ±×¸®°í Campylobacter¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡·áÈ¿°ú´Â ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¼ö¾ç¼º ¼³»ç·Î ³»¿øÇÑ È¯ÀÚ·Î ETEC °¨¿°ÀÌ Àǽɵǰųª traveler's diarrhea°¡ ÀǽɵǴ °æ¿ì¸¸ ÃßõµË´Ï´Ù.

¸¸¼º¼³»ç ȯÀÚÀÌ°í ciprofloxacin°ú metronidazole º´ÇÕ¿ä¹ý¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ÀÌÈÄ Áõ»óÀÌ ¹Ýº¹µÇ´Â ȯÀÚºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì, enteric pathogen¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼³»ç°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é SIBO¸¦ ÀǽÉÇØ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. SIBO¿¡´Â metronidazoleÀÌ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, SIBOÀÇ °æ¿ì Àç¹ßÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Á¦¹ý ÀÖÀ¸¸ç (ƯÈ÷ °í·ÉȯÀÚ) ÀϺΠȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â 1-2´ÞÀÇ Àå±âÄ¡·á ÈÄ È£ÀüµÇ±âµµ Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¾ðÁ¦±îÁö Ç×»ýÁ¦¸¦ Áö¼ÓÇØ¾ß ÇÒÁö°¡ °í¹ÎÀε¥, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ guidelineÀº ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °ßÇطδ probiotics¸¦ »ç¿ëÇØ º¸´Â °Íµµ ¹æ¹ýÀÏ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. ¹°·Ð SIBO ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ probiotics°¡ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ controversialÇÕ´Ï´Ù¸¸ ²À SIBO°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ ¼³»çÇüÀÇ °ú¹Î¼ºÀåÁõÈıº ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­µµ probiotics°¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ ±¹³»¿¡¼­ ½ÃÆǵǴ probioticsµé Áß È¿°ú°¡ ÀÔÁõµÈ ±ÕÁÖÀÇ probiotics°¡ ¸¹Áö ¾Ê´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ ¹®Á¦À̱ä ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÃßõµÇ´Â ±ÕÁַδ Bifidobacterium infantis³ª LGGµîÀÌ ÀÖ°ÚÀ¸¸ç, Saccharomyces boulardii µîÀÇ ±ÕÁÖµµ º¹¿ëÇØ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.


[References]

1) EndoTODAY Fecal microbiota transplantation

2) [blog] Àå³»¼¼±Õ°ú ÇÁ·Î¹ÙÀÌ¿Àƽ½º À̾߱⠱è¿ë¼º

3) À§¾Ï°ú ¸¶ÀÌÅ©·Î¹ÙÀÌ¿È °í·ÁÀÇ´ë ÃÖÇõ¼ø (PDF)

4) ³ú-Àå-¹Ì»ý¹° Ãà Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis. ´ëÇѼÒÈ­±âÇÐȸ 2023

© ÀÏ¿ø³»½Ã°æ±³½Ç ¹Ù¸¥³»½Ã°æ¿¬±¸¼Ò ÀÌÁØÇà. EndoTODAY Endoscopy Learning Center. Lee Jun Haeng.