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[½Äµµ¿°øÅ»Àå. Hiatal hernia. Çã´Ï¾Æ. Ç츣´Ï¾Æ] - ðû
Cameron ulcer¿Í hiatal hernia. PDF 3.7M - Case Reviews in Gastroenterology
1. Classification ºÐ·ù
3. Reflux esophagitis with/without hiatal hernia
4. Hiatal hernia. It's not LA-C
5. Hiatal hernia with CLE. It's not LA-D
6. Mallory-Weiss tear: location of the MW tear and relationship with hiatal hernia
1) Type 1 (sliding hiatal hernia)
½Äµµ¿°ø ÁÖÀ§¿¡¼ ½Äµµ¸¦ Ⱦ°Ý¸·¿¡ ºÎÂø½ÃÄÑ Áִ Ⱦ°Ý¸·½Äµµ Àδë(phrenoesophageal ligament)°¡ Çæ°Å¿öÁ®¼ ÇϺνĵµ¿Í À§½ÄµµÁ¢ÇÕºÎ, À§ÀÇ »óºÎ ÀϺΰ¡ Èä° ³»·Î ¹Ì²ô·¯Á® µé¾î°¡´Â ÇüÅÂÀÇ Å»ÀåÀ¸·Î, È°ÁÖ¿°øÅ»Àå(sliding hiatal hernia)À̶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù. Àüü ½Äµµ¿°øÅ»ÀåÀÇ 95%¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐ Å»Àå ÀÚü·Î´Â Áõ»óÀÌ ¾ø°í, ÁÖ·Î gastric juiceÀÇ ¿ª·ù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ»óÀÌ ÀϾ´Ï´Ù. ½Äµµ¿°øÅ»ÀåÀº ¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿°À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ÁÖ¿ä ¿øÀÎÀÇ ÇϳªÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 1Çü ½Äµµ¿°øÅ»Àå ¾øÀ̵µ TLESR (transient LES relaxation)µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© À§½Äµµ¿ª·ùÁúȯÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϱ⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ LA-C³ª LA-D¿Í °°Àº ½ÉÇÑ ¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿°ÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ´ëºÎºÐ ½Äµµ¿°øÅ»ÀåÀÌ µ¿¹ÝµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 1Çü ½Äµµ¿°øÅ»ÀåÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ÈÄõ¼ºÀ̸ç, º¸Åë 40´ë ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í, ºñ¸¸, ¹«°Å¿î °ÍÀ» µå´Â ¿îµ¿, ÀÓ½Å, À§½Äµµ¿ª·ù³ª ½ÄµµÁ¡¸·ÀÇ »êÈ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÇ´Â ½ÄµµÀÇ Á¾ÁÖ±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ±äÀ强 ¼öÃàÀÌ ¾ÇÈ ÀÎÀÚ·Î »ý°¢µË´Ï´Ù.
Sliding hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é LES ÇÏ´ÜÀÇ squamous columnar junction ºÎÀ§°¡ web ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô inward indentationÀ» º¸À̴µ¥ À̸¦ mucosal ring ȤÀº B ringÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£¸ç, ÀÌ ºÎÀ§°¡ fixedµÇ¾î Á¼¾ÆÁö¸é Shatzki ringÀ̶ó°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. LES »ó´ÜÀÌ ¾à°£ ¹¶ÅüÇÏ°Ô ¼öÃàµÇ¾î º¸À̴µ¥ À̸¦ muscular ring ȤÀº A ringÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ ºÎÀ§°¡ anatomicalÇÏ°Ô Á¼¾ÆÁöÁö´Â ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ³»½Ã°æÀ» ÇÒ ¶§ ³»½Ã°æ »ðÀԺθ¦ ¾à°£ Á¶ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Â µíÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÏ »ÓÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Sliding hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ musclar ring°ú mucosal ringÀÇ »çÀÌ(±×·¯´Ï±î LES ºÎÀ§¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù)°¡ ¹èÈ긲±âµÕó·³ ¾à°£ ¹Ù±ùÀ¸·Î ºÒ·èÇѵ¥ ÀÌ ºÎÀ§¸¦ ampulla ȤÀº vestibuleÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù. Sliding hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ mucosal ring (= squamocolumnar junction = EG junction) ¾Æ·¡ºÎÅÍ diaphragmatic orfice »çÀ̵µ ¹èÈ긲±âµÕó·³ ¾à°£ ¹Ù±ùÀ¸·Î ºÒ·èÇѵ¥ ÀÌ ºÎÀ§¸¦ hernia sacÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù.
Hiatal hernia with triangle-shape mucosal break
Sliding hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼ mucosal ringÀÌ Á¼¾ÆÁö¸é¼ stricture°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ¿¹ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Sliding hiatal herniaÀÌ¸é¼ mucosal ringÀÌ Á¶±Ý indentationµÈ °æÇÑ ¿¹
* Âü°í: Type 1 Hiatal hernia ³»½Ã°æ ¼Ò°ß ¿¬½À
2) Type 2 (½ÄµµÁÖÀ§Å»Àå, para-esophageal hernia)
Ⱦ°Ý¸·½Äµµ ÀδëÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀº ¾ø°í, ¿°ø ÀÚü°¡ ´Ã¾î³ª¼ ±× Æ´À¸·Î À§ÀÇ ÀϺÎ(ƯÈ÷ À§ºÐ¹®ºÎ)°¡ Èä°À¸·Î ºüÁ® µé¾î°¡´Â Çü½ÄÀÇ Å»ÀåÀ» ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Gastroesophageal junctionÀÌ diaphragmatic orfice¿Í °°Àº level, Áï Á¤»ó ³ôÀÌ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. º´¸®¿¡¼´Â rolling typeÀ̶ó°íµµ ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù. ¸Å¿ì µå¹® ÇüÅÂÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Ã¥¿¡¼´Â hiatal herniaÀÇ 2% Á¤µµ¶ó°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù¸¸ »ç½Ç Àú´Â °ÅÀÇ º» ÀûÀÌ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ÈçÈ÷ paraesophageal hernia¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ëºÎºÐ type 3ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡´Â ÀÎÅÍ³Ý »çÁøÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
ÇÑ ¾Öµ¶ÀÚ²²¼ º¸³»ÁֽŠtype 2 para-esophageal hernia Áõ·Ê »çÁøÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
SCJÀÌ hiatal opening ¹Ù·Î À§¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Sliding hernia ¿ä¼Ò°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù.
EG junction¿¡¼ 1-2cm ¶³¾îÁø fundusÀÇ ´ë¸¸ ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÛÀº ±¸¸ÛÀÌ ÀÖ°í À̸¦ ÇâÇÏ¿© À§ ÁÖ¸§ÀÌ »¡·Áµé¾î°¡°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ð½À´Ï´Ù.
3) Type 3 (mixed paraesophageal hiatal hernia)
Type 3Àº type 1 ºÎºÐ°ú type 2 ºÎºÐÀÌ ¼¯ÀÎ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Ⱦ°Ý¸·½ÄµµÀδëÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀ¸·Î À§½Äµµ Á¢Çպΰ¡ ¹Ð·Á ¿Ã¶ó°¡¸é¼ ¿°ø ÀÚü°¡ Ä¿Áö°í À̸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© À§ ºÐ¹®ºÎ°¡ Èä° ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ºüÁ® µé¾î°£ ÇüÅÂÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Á¤È®ÇÑ À̸§Àº mixed type hiatal herniaÀε¥, ±×³É paraesophageal hernia¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹½À´Ï´Ù. ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ paraesophageal hernia´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø°í ´ëºÎºÐ mixed typeÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Àú´Â mixed paraesophageal hernia¶ó°í ºÎ¸£°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Type 2 ºÎºÐ, Áï Ⱦ°Ý¸· À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó°£ fundus ºÎºÐÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϸé type 1ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸² Âü°íÇϼ¼¿ä.
Mixed paraesophageal hernia¿¡¼´Â hiatal opening level¿¡¼ ulcer°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Cameron ulcer¶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ hiatal openingÀ» °æ°è°¡ êÖ°¡ À§¾Æ·¡·Î ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ¸é¼ ±â°èÀûÀÎ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀÏ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
À§ ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô PPI Àå±â Åõ¾àÇÑ ÈÄ Cameron ulcer°¡ È£ÀüµÈ ¸ð½À
Cameron ulcer¿Í hiatal hernia. PDF 3.7M - Case Reviews in Gastroenterology
ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ mixed paraesophageal hernia Áõ·Êµé°ú ÇÔ²², Cameron ulcer°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °æ¿ì, Marfan ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÈ °æ¿ì, herniationµÈ ºÎÀ§¿¡ À§¾ÏÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °æ¿ì µîÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼È÷ ±â¼úÇÏ´Â ¿¬½ÀÀ» ÇØ º¸¼¼¿ä.
ÇÑ Àü°øÀÇ ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼ ±â¼úÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» ¼Ò°³ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¸ÚÁø descriptionÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çß½À´Ï´Ù.
"½Äµµ ÁßÇϺο¡ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î 1mm size ¹Ì¸¸ÀÇ multiple scattered whitish spot ÀÌ °üÂûµÊ. GE junction ÀÌ diaphragmatic orifice À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿Í ÀÖÀ½. Retroflexion view ¿¡¼ 4cm Å©±âÀÇ diaphragmatic opening ÀÌ °üÂûµÇ¸ç ¿·ÂÊ¿¡´Â gastric fold °¡ high body GC¿¡¼ hernia sac ¾ÈÂÊÀ¸·Î À̾îÁö°í ÀÖÀ½. Imp ) Esophageal candidiasis Gr 1, mixed type hiatal hernia"Paraesophageal hernia¿Í sliding hiatal hernia°¡ ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â mixed type hiatal herniaÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Diaphragmatic opening ¾Æ·¡ À§Ã¼»óºÎ ¼Ò¸¸¿¡ Cameron ulcer°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÃâÇ÷ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Marfan ÁõÈıº ȯÀÚ paraesophageal hiatal hernia (mixsed type)
À§ Marfan ÁõÈıº ȯÀÚÀÇ 6 ³â Àü ³»½Ã°æ »çÁø
Mixed type hiatal hernia + Cameron cancer (»ó¼¼ ¼³¸í: EndoTODAY À§¾Ï 625)
Cameron ulcer¿Í hiatal hernia. PDF 3.7M - Case Reviews in Gastroenterology
* ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ Áõ·ÊÀÇ serialÇÑ ³»½Ã°æ ¼Ò°ß: Mixed paraesophageal hiatal hernia
4) Type 4
¾î¶² Ã¥À» º¸¸é hiatal hernia typeÀ» 1, 2, 3, 4·Î ³ª´©±âµµ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. À§°¡ ¸ù¶¥ Ⱦ°æ¸· À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó°£ °æ¿ì¸¦ type 4·Î º¸¸é µË´Ï´Ù. º¸Åë type 3°¡ ¸Å¿ì ½ÉÇØÁö¸é type 4ó·³ µË´Ï´Ù.
Recurrent bleedingÀ¸·Î ³»¿øÇϽŠ¿©¼ºÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Hiatal hernia°¡ ½ÉÇÏ°í Cameron ulcer·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÃâÇ÷ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °æ¿ì¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¼ö¼úÀû Ä¡·á¸¦ ±ÇÇßÀ¸³ª ȯÀÚ°¡ ¾à¹°Ä¡·á¸¦ ¿øÇÏ¿© »ó´ç ±â°£ PPI¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ÃâÇ÷ÀÌ ¹Ýº¹µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â ½ÉÇÑ sliding hernia »óÅ¿´À¸³ª ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ª°í ±¸Åä, º¹Åë, ÃâÇ÷·Î ȯÀÚ°¡ ¼ö¼úÀ» °á½ÉÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¹«·Æ¿¡´Â À§ ÀüºÎ°¡ Ⱦ°Ý¸· À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿Â type 4 hiatal hernia°¡ µÈ »óÅ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
½ÉÇÑ sliding hiatal hernia with Cameron ulcer bleeding »óÅÂ
¼ö¼úÇϱâ Á÷Àü. À§ Àüü°¡ Ⱦ°æ¸· »ó¹æÀ¸·Î À̵¿µÈ type 4 hiatal hernia »óÅÂ
Laparoscopic hernia reduction and partial fundoplicationÀ̶ó´Â ¼ö¼úÀ» ÇÏ¿´°í ±ò²ûÈ÷ ÁÁ¾ÆÁ³½À´Ï´Ù.
¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ȯÀÚÀÔ´Ï´Ù. º¸Çà½Ã È£Èí°ï¶õÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ Á¤µµÀÇ hiatal hernia¿´½À´Ï´Ù. 15³â »çÀÌ¿¡ õõÈ÷ ÁøÇàµÈ ¸ð¾çÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Surgical correctionÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ type IVÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Sliding hiatal herniaÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀº ÁÖ·Î phrenoesophageal ligamentÀÇ ´Ã¾îÁü°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù (Pathogenesis ÂüÁ¶).
Phrenoesophageal ligamentÀÇ ´Ã¾îÁü°ú ÇÔ²² ÇϺΠ½Äµµ´Â curved µË´Ï´Ù.
Hiatal hernia°¡ ¿À·¡µÇ¾î fixed µÇ±â Àü±îÁö phrenoesophageal ligament´Â ´Ã¾î³ª ÀÖÀ¸³ª ½Äµµ°¡ ª¾ÆÁöÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Æ¼ ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ reducibility¸¦ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °ø±â¸¦ ³Ö±â Àü°ú ³ÖÀº ÈÄ°¡ ´Ù¸£°í, È£Èí¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£°í, ³»½Ã°æ ³ÖÀ» ¶§¿Í ³ª¿Ã ¶§°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Sliding hiatal herniaÀÇ ³»½Ã°æ ¼Ò°ßÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ ÇغÎÇÐÀû ¿ë¾î´Â A-ring (muscular ring), B-ring (mucosal ring = Schatzki ring), ampulla, hernia sac µîÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Sliding hiatal hernia´Â 2 cm ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î Á¤Àǵǰí ÀÖÀ¸³ª ±×º¸´Ù ªÀº °æ¿ì´Â short segment hiatal hernia¶ó°í ºÎ¸£±âµµ ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. GERD¿Í °ü·ÃµÇ¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Sliding hiatal hernia°¡ ¿À·¡µÇ¸é B ring (mucosal reing) ºÎÀ§°¡ Á¼¾ÆÁý´Ï´Ù. ÇùÂøÀÌ ½ÉÇØÁö¸é È®Àå¼úÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Sliding hiatal hernia Áõ·Ê¸¦ ¸ð¾Æº¸¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.
Hiatal hernia ³»½Ã°æ ¿¬½ÀÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸²À» clickÇØ º¸½Ê½Ã¿À.
12½Ã ¹æÇâ¿¡¼ ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÛÀº sentinel polypÀÌ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Mucosal break°¡ µ¿¹ÝµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹½À´Ï´Ù.
¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿° LA-C·Î ÀÇ·ÚµÈ ºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª hiatal hernia ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é squamocolumnar junctionÀÌ ¾à°£ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ÇØÁö°Å³ª ÁöÀúºÐÇØ º¸ÀÌ´Â ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ mucosal break·Î ¿ÀÀÎÇÏ¸é ¾È µÇ°ÚÁö¿ä.
¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿° LA-D·Î ÀÇ·ÚµÈ ºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª hiatal hernia ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Columnar metaplasia°¡ µ¿¹ÝµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç¿¡¼ Goblet cell metaplasia°¡ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î CLE (columnar-lined esophagud)¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö Á¦°Ô LA-C³ª LA-D·Î ÀÇ·ÚµÈ »ó´ç¼öÀÇ È¯ÀÚ´Â hiatal hernia¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ³»½Ã°æ °úÀ×Áø´ÜÀÌ ±×¸¸Å ¸¹´Ù´Â ¶æÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
[Is it hiatal hernia or web?] Esophageal webÀ̶ó´Â ³»½Ã°æÁø´ÜÀ¸·Î ÀÇ·ÚµÈ ºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °ú¿¬ ÀÌ È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼ esophageal webÀÌ Àû´çÇÑ ¿ë¾îÀϱî¿ä? ºÐ¸íÈ÷ sliding typeÀÇ hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖ°í squamocolumnar junction(SCJ)ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ 360µµ¿¡ °ÉÃÄ inward folddingÀÌ µÇ¾î º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ƯÈ÷ 12½ÃºÎÅÍ 4½Ã ¹æÇâ±îÁö°¡ ÇöÀúÇÕ´Ï´Ù. °ø±â¸¦ »« »óÅ¿¡¼ °üÂûÇϸé 12½ÃºÎÅÍ 4½Ã±îÁö´Â inward foldingµÇ¾î º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ ºÎÀ§´Â Á¤»óÀûÀÎ SCJÀ¸·Î °üÂûµË´Ï´Ù. Sliding hiatal hernia¸¦ °¡Áø ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ À§¿¡ °ø±â¸¦ ¸¹ÀÌ ³Ö°í ȯÀÚÀÇ È£ÈíÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î SCJÀÌ upward elevation µÇ°Ô ÇÏ¸é ¸¹Àº ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ SCJÀÌ inward foldingÀ» º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Hernia°¡ ½ÉÇÏ¿© ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀÌ foldingµÈ »óÅ·Π°íÁ¤µÇ°í Á¼¾ÆÁö¸é Schatzki ringÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ Áõ·Ê¿¡¼´Â inward foldingÀÌ °íÁ¤µÈ ºÎÀ§°¡ ¿øÁÖÀÇ 1/3Á¤µµ¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê°í obstruction ¼Ò°ßµµ ÀüÇô ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì±îÁö webÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£±â´Â ¾î·ÆÁö ¾ÊÀ»±î¿ä? ´ÜÁö SCJÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀÎ mucosal break¿Í healingÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ´Ù¼Ò ´ÜÃàµÈ °Í ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ »ý°¢µË´Ï´Ù. GERD Áõ»óÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é Ä¡·áÇÏ°í ¾øÀ¸¸é ¹«½ÃÇÏ¸é ±×¸¸ÀÌ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù.
3. Reflux esophagitis with/without hiatal hernia
Hiatal hernia ¾ø´Â ¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿° ȯÀÚµµ ¸¹½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ½ÉÇÑ ¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿° ȯÀÚµéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ hiatal hernia¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Hiatal hernia°¡ ¾ø´Â ¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿°
Hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿°
Hiatal hernia¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© 2 cm ±âÁØÀ» °íÁýÇÏ¸é »óȲÀÌ º¹ÀâÇØÁý´Ï´Ù. ±×³É ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ´«À¸·Î ºÁ¼ hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ¸é »óȲÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇØÁý´Ï´Ù.
4. Hiatal hernia. It's not LA-C
¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿° LA-C·Î ÀÇ·ÚµÈ ºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª hiatal hernia ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
Hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é squamocolumnar junctionÀÌ ¾à°£ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ÇØÁö°Å³ª ÁöÀúºÐÇØ º¸ÀÌ´Â ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ mucosal break·Î ¿ÀÀÎÇÏ¸é ¾È µÇ°ÚÁö¿ä.
5. Hiatal hernia with CLE. It's not LA-D
¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿° LA-D·Î ÀÇ·ÚµÈ ºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª hiatal hernia ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Columnar metaplasia°¡ µ¿¹ÝµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Á¶Á÷°Ë»ç¿¡¼ Goblet cell metaplasia°¡ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î CLE (columnar-lined esophagud)¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Áö±Ý±îÁö Á¦°Ô LA-C³ª LA-D·Î ÀÇ·ÚµÈ »ó´ç¼öÀÇ È¯ÀÚ´Â hiatal hernia¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ³»½Ã°æ °úÀ×Áø´ÜÀÌ ±×¸¸Å ¸¹´Ù´Â ¶æÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
6. Mallory-Weiss tear: location of the MW tear and relationship with hiatal hernia
MW tearÀÇ À§Ä¡¿Í hiatal hernia´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ °ü·Ã¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖ±Ù ÀÚ·á´Â µå¹°±â ¶§¹®¿¡ 1980³â MGH¿¡¼ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ³í¹®ÀÇ tableÀ» captureÇÏ¿´´Ù.
ÇÊÀÚÀÇ °æÇè°ú´Â ´Þ¸® 30¿©³âÀü MGH¿¡¼´Â ½Äµµ¿Í À§¿¡ °ÉÄ£ °æ¿ì°¡ °¡Àå ¸¹¾Ò°í ½Äµµ¿¡¸¸ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ¿¹µµ ÀûÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ¸ð¾çÀÌ´Ù. Èï¹Ì·Î¿î °ÍÀº stomach¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ MWÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖ´ø ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Á¤È®ÇÑ ÀÚ·á´Â ¾øÁö¸¸ ÇÊÀÚ´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. Hiatal hernia°¡ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼ MW tear´Â stomach¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇϱ⠽±´Ù´Â Á¡Àº µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª hiatal hernia°¡ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ MW tear´Â stomach¿¡¼ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò±î?
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In my opinion, the definition of the hiatal hernia is not defined yet. This is a screenshot from a patient information website of the Mayo Clinic. Yes, it is right. Hiatal hernia is a condition when the upper part of the stomach bulges through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. But, there are two important questions here. How much part of the stomach needs to be bulged? How would you evaluate the length of herniation? With what method?
In this study, the definition of hiatal hernia was bulging of 3 cm or more above the diaphragmatic impression.
In another study, there was no definite criteria in terms of the length. Just the distance was measured like 1 cm, 2 cm, etc.
This is a unique classification system in Japan called Makuuchi¡¯s classification. In this system, hiatal hernia is graded into A, B, and C. Group C is usually not considered as hiatal hernia by most physicians outside Japan.
In Korea, upward bulging of at least 2 cm is considered necessary for the diagnosis of hiatal hernia.
The size of a hiatal hernia can be measured not only vertically, but also horizontally. Sometimes, we call it hiatal width.
With any definition of hiatal hernia, there are some challenges for endoscopists. Upright position is necessary to exactly measure the vertical length. But endoscopy in upright position is impossible. The esophagus may be curved. And we also consider the influence from air inflation and respiration. Paraesophageal hernia is also very confusing. And finally, short segment hiatal hernia less than 2 cm may have some clinical importance.
As you can see in these pictures, distal esophagus is quite often curved especially in the elderly population.
When the esophagus is straight, it is relatively easy to measure the length of the hiatal hernia. However, when the distal esophagus is severely curved, measuring the vertical length is sometimes difficult.
With air inflation, the distal esophagus looks quite differently.
When you push a lot of air, distal esophagus can be changed like the right-side cartoon.
This is an example. Distal esophagus in the straight view and in the retroflection view is quite different. It is mainly due to air inflation.
When sliding hiatal hernia is mixed with paraesopharaesophageal hernia, the landmarks for measuring the vertical length become unclear.
What¡¯s your opinion about these pictures? Do you think there is a hernia or not?
A simple small hiatal hernia measuring less than 2 cm is sometimes called as short segment hiatal hernia.
In a recent study, the incidence of erosive esophagitis in patients with short segment hiatal hernia was higher than the normal control and lower than the patients with hiatal hernia more than 2 cm. So, there may be some clinical meaning for hiatal hernia less than 2 cm.
This is a famous Hill grading system for gastroesophageal flap valve. Grade 4 is hiatal hernia but grade 2 and 3 is just weak gastroesophageal flap valve.
In the doctor Hill¡¯s original study, the appearance of the flap valve was a better predictor of the presence or absence of reflux than LES pressure. We can conclude that there should be something between normal and fixed hiatal hernia.
During swallowing, the esophageal body shortens, which is caused by contraction of the longitudinal muscles. This results in a proximal movement of the LES and a small portion of the proximal stomach into the thoracic cavity through the diaphragmatic hiatus. After swallowing, all structures return to their original anatomical positions because of the elasticity of the phreno-esophageal ligaments.
A study in opossums showed that acid exposition to the esophagus induces esophageal shortening. Acid gastro-esophageal reflux itself might induce, maintain or even increase a sliding hiatus hernia.
This figure clears shows that acid perfusion induces esophageal length shortening, which can lead to the development of hiatal hernia.
Another possible mechanism is the degeneration of the phrenoesophageal ligament.
9. °ÀÇ - Hiatal hernia as a dynamic entity.
All hiatal hernias are not the same. In the barium esophagography, the shape of the gastroesophageal junction is quite variable in terms of hiatal hernia.
Previously, doctor Sloan defined the reducing hiatus hernia as a hernia occurring only during mid-swallows, but reducing between swallows. It represents a stage in the development of fixed hiatal hernia.
What is the effect of reducing or transient hiatal hernia? It is the spatial separation. Spatial separation between LES and crural diaphragm increases the risk for reflux by any mechanism, such as swallowing and straining, not just TLESRs
Transient LES relaxation also can induce transient hiatal hernia, because upward migration of gastroesophageal junction is occurring during the transient LES relaxation.
In the high-resolution manometry figure of the right-hand side, the arrows indicate the transient separation of high pressure zone, the meaning of which is exactly the same as the transient hiatal hernia.
The rate of reflux is doubled during the transient hiatal hernia than the reduced state, and most of them was acid or weakly acidic reflux.
Moreover, the mechanisms of reflux are different in the transient hiatal hernia state. Mechanisms other than transient LES relaxation were much more common in the transient hiatal hernia state.
Now, we can say that anatomy and function is closely related.
10. °ÀÇ - Relationship between hiatal hernia and the development of GERD symptoms.
Before 1971, hiatal hernia was a hallmark of gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, after 1971, the meaning of hiatal hernia was shrunk. It became regarded as epiphenomenon. What happened in 1971?
In cases with severe hiatal hernia, prominent mucosal breaks are usually seen.
This is another case of hiatal hernia with severe confluent mucosal breaks. It is LA group D reflux esophagitis.
In 1971, Dr Cohen published a famous report in New England Journal of Medicine. He showed that the mean LES pressure was not different between patients with hiatal hernia and the control. In patients with GERD, the LES pressure was not different by the presence of hiatal hernia. After this clear finding, the meaning of hiatal hernia was under-valued. I think the wrong conclusion of this study came from limitations of the study methodology of that time.
As you know, in 1980, Dr Dent found an important phenomenon. LES relaxation usually occurs after swallowing some food. However, after a meal, LES relaxations occur without swallowing. This is called transient LES relaxation.
This study showed 3 important characteristics of TLESR. First, they occur more often after a meal.
Second, TLESR do not occur more frequently in GERD patients than control.
Finally, in GERD, TLESRs are twice as likely to be associated with acid reflux. It suggests that the meaning of TLESR is different between GERD patients and control. There must be another factor other than TLESR in the development of GERD symptoms. As you can guess, it is the hiatal hernia.
This slide shows the mechanism acid reflux in GERD patients without hiatal hernia. The increase in reflux episodes in patients with a hiatal hernia is mainly explained by the observation that, in addition to TLESRs, other mechanisms come into play. Indeed, half of the reflux episodes in patients with GERD with a hiatal hernia occur during swallowing or straining. We can say that hiatal hernia is important.
In a Korean study by Dr. Yoem from Yonsei University, the frequency of hiatal hernia in patients with reflux esophagitis was 32 %, which is much higher than 3 % in the control. So hiatal hernia must be very important in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis.
In this beautiful study, doctor Jones identified that the size of the hiatal hernia and lower esophageal sphincter pressure were significant predictors of erosive esophagitis. Actually, hiatal hernia size is the dominant determinant of esophagitis.
Hiatal hernia is closely related to the reflux symptoms. I previously explained it in terms of the pressure barrier. Are there any other mechanisms? Doctor Mittal once mentioned re-reflux of the acid in the hernia sac. The hiatal sac may function as a reservoir from which acidic fluid can re-reflux into the esophagus after swallowing or during periods of low sphincter pressure.
Recently, the recent concept of acid pocket also can explain the relationship between hiatal hernia and the development of the reflux symptoms.
* Âü°í: EndoTODAY »êÁÖ¸Ó´Ï (acid pocket)
The term ¡®diaphragmatic eventration¡¯ is used in common practice to describe a condition of relaxation of the diaphragmatic dome. It may present at birth as a congenital condition due to a defect of diaphragmatic development or in a later stage of life as an acquired condition (¡®acquired diaphragmatic paralysis¡¯ or ¡®acquired diaphragmatic elevation¡¯). (Âü°íÀÚ·á)
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Paraesophageal hernia °°Àºµ¥ Á¤È®È÷ ±â¼úÇϱⰡ ¾î·Á¿ü½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í type ºÐ·ù´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ»±î¿ä?
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Type 2 ½ÄµµÁÖÀ§Å»Àå(paraesophageal hernia)Àº Ⱦ°Ý¸·½Äµµ ÀδëÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀº ¾ø°í, ¿°ø ÀÚü°¡ ´Ã¾î³ª¼ ±× Æ´À¸·Î À§ÀÇ ÀϺÎ(ƯÈ÷ À§ºÐ¹®ºÎ)°¡ Èä°À¸·Î ºüÁ® µé¾î°¡´Â Çü½ÄÀÇ Å»ÀåÀ» ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Gastroesophageal junctionÀÌ diaphragmatic orfice¿Í °°Àº level, Áï Á¤»ó ³ôÀÌ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¸Å¿ì µå¹® ÇüÅÂÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Ã¥¿¡¼´Â hiatal herniaÀÇ 2% Á¤µµ¶ó°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù¸¸ »ç½Ç Àú´Â °ÅÀÇ º» ÀûÀÌ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ type 2 paraesophageal hernia
¿ì¸®°¡ ÈçÈ÷ paraesophageal hernia¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ëºÎºÐ type 3ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. º¸³»ÁֽŠÁõ·Êµµ type 3 herniaÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ type 3 (mixed) hernia. ³»½Ã°æ ÀÇ»çµéÀº mixed¸¦ µû·Î ºÐ·ùÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±×³É paraesophageal hernia¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹½À´Ï´Ù.
»ó¼¼ÇÑ ±â¼úÀº ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²À» Âü°íÇϼ¼¿ä.
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EG junction¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ°¡ ºÎÁ·ÇÏ¿© Áú¹®µå¸³´Ï´Ù. ½Äµµ ¸»´ÜºÎÀ§ ÇغÎÇÐÀ» ã¾Æº¸´Ï ±¸±Û¿¡¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ±×¸²À» ã¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.
LES°¡ ½Äµµ distal ºÎÀ§ ȾÃà¿¡ ±æ°Ô ¼±»óÀ¸·Î °ÉÃÄÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× ¹üÀ§¾È¿¡ A,B,C ¸µÀÌ Àִµ¥ A¸µÀº ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î muscularis ring(=inf.esophageal sphincter), B¸µÀº mucosal ring(=SC junction), C¸µÀº diaphragmatic orifice·Î ÀÌÇØÇÏ¸é µÉ±î¿ä?
±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î EG junctionÀÌ ¾î´À ºÎÀ§ÀÎÁö ±×¸®°í SC jungtion °ü°è´Â ¾î¶»°ÔµÇ´ÂÁö È¥¶õ½º·´½À´Ï´Ù.
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º¸³»ÁֽŠ±×¸² Áß Ã¹¹ø° ±×¸²Àº Âü°íÇÒ¸¸ ÇÏÁö¸¸, µÎ¹ø° ±×¸²Àº ¸Å¿ì ¾ûÅ͸®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Àؾî¹ö¸®½Ã±â ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù. Â÷¶ó¸® Á¦°¡ ±×¸° ±×¸²À» º¸½Ã¸é ÁÁ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù.
LES´Â ½Äµµ circular muscleÀÌ ÇϺνĵµ¿¡¼ 3cm ±æÀÌ Á¤µµ µÎ²¨¿öÁø °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Á¤»óÀûÀÎ °æ¿ì LES ¸»´Ü°ú, squamocolumnar junction°ú EG junctionÀº °ÅÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Sliding hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é LES ÇÏ´ÜÀÇ squamous columnar junction ºÎÀ§°¡ web ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô inward indentationÀ» º¸À̴µ¥ À̸¦ mucosal ring ȤÀº B ringÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£¸ç, ÀÌ ºÎÀ§°¡ fixedµÇ¾î Á¼¾ÆÁö¸é Shatzki ringÀ̶ó°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. LES »ó´ÜÀÌ ¾à°£ ¹¶ÅüÇÏ°Ô ¼öÃàµÇ¾î º¸À̴µ¥ À̸¦ muscular ring ȤÀº A ringÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ ºÎÀ§°¡ anatomicalÇÏ°Ô Á¼¾ÆÁöÁö´Â ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ³»½Ã°æÀ» ÇÒ ¶§ ³»½Ã°æ »ðÀԺθ¦ ¾à°£ Á¶ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Â µíÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÏ »ÓÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Sliding hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ musclar ring°ú mucosal ringÀÇ »çÀÌ(±×·¯´Ï±î LES ºÎÀ§¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù)°¡ ¹èÈ긲±âµÕó·³ ¾à°£ ¹Ù±ùÀ¸·Î ºÒ·èÇѵ¥ ÀÌ ºÎÀ§¸¦ ampulla ȤÀº vestibuleÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù. Sliding hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ mucosal ring (= squamocolumnar junction = EG junction) ¾Æ·¡ºÎÅÍ diaphragmatic orfice »çÀ̵µ ¹èÈ긲±âµÕó·³ ¾à°£ ¹Ù±ùÀ¸·Î ºÒ·èÇѵ¥ ÀÌ ºÎÀ§¸¦ hernia sacÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù.
C ringÀº Àß ¾²´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñµ¥¿ä... ¼±»ý´ÔÀÌ º¸³»ÁֽŠù¹ø° ±×¸²À» º¸´Ï diaphragmatic orfice¸¦ ÁöĪÇÏ´Â °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. "LES°¡ ½Äµµ distal ºÎÀ§ ȾÃà¿¡ ±æ°Ô ¼±»óÀ¸·Î °ÉÃÄÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× ¹üÀ§¾È¿¡ A,B,C ¸µÀÌ Àִµ¥" ºÎºÐÀº Áú¹®ÇϽŠ¼±»ý´Ô²²¼ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Àß ¸ø ¾Ë°í °è½Å °ÍÀÌ´Ï Àؾî¹ö¸®¼¼¿ä. LES´Â A ring°ú B ring »çÀÌÀÌ°í C ring°ú´Â ÀüÇô ¹«°üÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
º¸´Ù »ó¼¼ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀº Á¦°¡ YouTube¿¡ ¿Ã¸° °ÀÇ µ¿¿µ»óÀ» Âü°íÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù. 17:00 ºÎÅÍ 27:30 »çÀÌÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
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À§³»½Ã°æ ½Ã fundus°¡ ¸Å¿ì ±æ°Ô or ±í°Ô º¸ÀÎ °æ¿ì hernia³ª º´º¯ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ°Ú½À´Ï±î?
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ÀÏ´Ü EG junction (tubular esophagus¿Í saccular stomachÀÇ °æ°è)À» Àß »ìÇǽʽÿÀ. ƯÈ÷ squamocolumnar junction°ú hiatal openingÀÇ À§Ä¡°ü°è¸¦ °ËÅäÇϸé sliding typeÀÇ hiatal hernia°¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Hiatal hernia with triangle-shape mucosal break
±× ´ÙÀ½ hiatal openingÀÌ ³ÐÀºÁö Á¼ÀºÁö ¸ð°í ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ³ÐÀ¸¸é¼ ÀÌ °÷À¸·Î À§ÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ parallelÇÑ ÁÖ¸§À» ¸¸µé¸é¼ ¾ð´öÀ» ³Ñ¾î°¡´Â ¸ð½ÀÀÌ º¸À̸é paraesophageal hernia°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼Ò°ß ¾øÀÌ ±×³É fundus°¡ ±æ°í ±í¾î º¸À̸é normal variantÀÏ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ´õ ³ô½À´Ï´Ù. Å°°¡ Å« »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ°í ÀÛÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ À§µµ ±ä »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °ú°Å¿¡´Â À§°¡ ±æ°í óÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸é À§Çϼö¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Âµ¥¿ä... ¿äÁòÀº Àǹ̾ø´Â ¼Ò°ßÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¿© À§Çϼö¶ó´Â Áø´Ü¸íÀº »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
1) EndoTODAY Aacid pocket »êÁÖ¸Ó´Ï
© ÀÏ¿ø³»½Ã°æ±³½Ç ¹Ù¸¥³»½Ã°æ¿¬±¸¼Ò ÀÌÁØÇà. EndoTODAY Endoscopy Learning Center. Lee Jun Haeng.