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[Gastric cancer 530 - ÁøÇ༺ À§¾Ï. 1³â Àü °ËÁø³»½Ã°æÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ½]
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Stomach, subtotal gastrectomy:
Advanced gastric carcinoma
1. Location : lower third, Center at antrum and greater curvature
2. Gross type : Borrmann type 3
3. Histologic type : tubular adenocarcinoma, poorly (poorly cohesive) differentiated > moderately differentiated (30%)
4. Histologic type by Lauren : mixed
5. Size : 6.7x4.1 cm
6. Depth of invasion : penetrates subserosal connective tissue (pT3)
7. Resection margin: free from carcinoma, safety margin: proximal 2.3 cm, distal 5.6 cm
8. Lymph node metastasis : metastasis to 19 out of 34 regional lymph nodes (pN3b) (perinodal extension: present) (19/34: "3", 5/8; "4", 5/5; "5", 0/0; "6", 1/2; "7", 1/3; "9", 0/1; "8a", 0/6; "11p (proximal splenic)", 6/7; "12a", 0/0; "4sb", 0/1; "1", 0/0; perigastric, 1/1)
9. Lymphatic invasion : present
10. Venous invasion : not identified
11. Perineural invasion : present 12. AJCC stage by 7th edition: pT3 N3b
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Minsoo Jung. National Cancer Screening Programs and Evidence-Based Healthcare Policy in South Korea. Health Policy (2014)
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Length time bias¸¦ Á¦ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏ·Î ´Ù½Ã ±×·Áº¸¸é ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾òÀº ¼ºÀûÀÌ lead time bias³ª length time biasÀÇ °á°ú´Â ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÔÁõÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÁÁÀº °Í °°´Ù´Â ´À³¦°ú Á¤¸»·Î ÁÁÀº °ÍÀº ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
New Engl J Med¿¡¼ bias¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×¸²À» ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù.
NEJM (2000) Figure 1. Lead-Time Bias. In the example shown, the diagnosis of disease is made earlier in the screened group, resulting in an apparent increase in survival time (lead-time bias), although the time of death is the same in both groups.
NEJM (2000) Figure 2. Length-Time Bias. The probability of detecting disease is related to the growth rate of the tumor. Aggressive, rapidly growing tumors have a short potential screening period (the interval between possible detection and the occurrence of symptoms). Thus, unless the screening test is repeated frequently, patients with aggressive tumors are more likely to present with symptoms. More slowly growing tumors have a longer potential screening period and are more likely to be detected when they are asymptomatic. As a result, a higher proportion of indolent tumors is found in the screened group, causing an apparent improvement in survival.
NEJM (2000) Figure 3. Overdiagnosis Bias. Overdiagnosis bias is an extreme form of length-time bias. The detection of very indolent tumors in the screened group produces apparent increases in the number of cases of lung cancer (three in the screened group in the figure and one in the control group) and in survival (two of three patients in the screened group were treated and died of natural causes, without evidence of disease [66 percent survival], and the one patient in the control group did not survive [0 percent survival]), with no effect on mortality (one death from lung cancer in each group). Two patients in the control group died with undiagnosed lung cancer that did not affect their natural life span.
2016³â 1¿ùÈ£ Endoscopy Áö¿¡ Do's and don'ts in evaluation of endoscopic screening for gastrointestinal cancers¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀÇ Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ¸®ºä°¡ ½Ç·È½À´Ï´Ù(Bretthauer M. Endoscopy 2016). ¾Ï°ËÁø¿¡´Â lead time bias¿Í length time bias°¡ ¹®Á¦¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ´Ùµé µéÀ¸¼ÌÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °ËÁø¿¡¼´Â õõÈ÷ ÀÚ¶ó´Â ¾ÏÀÌ Áø´ÜµÇ°í »¡¸® ÀÚ¶ó´Â ¾ÏÀº °ËÁøÀ¸·Î Áø´ÜµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â length time bias¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϴ°ÍÀº ½¬¿î ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. À̹ø ¸®ºäÀÇ ±×¸²Àº length time biasÀ» Âü ¾Ë±â ½±°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. (°úÀåÇÏ¿© ¸»Çϸé) ²À ÇÊ¿äÇÑ º´Àº ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê°í º°·Î ¹ß°ßÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ ÁÁÀ» º´¸¸ ¿Õ⠹߰ߵǴ °ÍÀÌ °ËÁøÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °ËÁø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ±âȹÇÏ°í °ËÁøÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ È«º¸ÇÒ ¶§ ÀÌ Á¡À» °£°úÇÏÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Survival and lead-time bias in cancer screening. No-screening (upper time line) and screening (lower time line) in identical tumor growth scenarios are compared. In the example shown, there is no net effect of screening (time points of death are similar for screening and no-screening scenarios). The time of start of tumor growth, clinical detection, screening detection, and death are marked on the two timelines. The solid green line illustrates the time without a cancer diagnosis, the dotted green line illustrates the lead time (the individual is living with a cancer diagnosis after screening), and the dotted black line illustrates the time from the clinical diagnosis until death.
Length-time bias in cancer screening. The black arrows represent different tumor growth rates (fast, slow, very slow, nonprogressive). The red arrows represent screening events (time points at which screening is performed). Fast-growing tumors are more likely than slow-growing tumors to become symptomatic and to be diagnosed clinically before or between screening events. Thus, undersampling of fast-growing tumors (worse prognosis) compared with slow-growing tumors (better prognosis) is called the length-time bias.|
© ÀÏ¿ø³»½Ã°æ±³½Ç ¹Ù¸¥³»½Ã°æ¿¬±¸¼Ò ÀÌÁØÇà. EndoTODAY Endoscopy Learning Center. Lee Jun Haeng. (2017-9-25)